Apatosaurus

Description

Apatosaurus est un genre fossile de dinosaures herbivores sauropodes géants de la famille des diplodocidés. Il a vécu en Amérique du Nord au Jurassique supérieur (Kimméridgien et Tithonien), il y a environ entre 156,3 et 146,8 Ma (millions d'années),. Leurs restes fossiles ont été découverts dans les États de l'ouest et du centre des États-Unis dans la formation de Morrison.
Selon Paleobiology Database en 2024, le genre a deux espèces décrites, Apatosaurus ajax et Apatosaurus louisae.

Information(s)

Source: The Paleobiology Database

Attibution: Marsh 1877⁷⁸¹¹
Statut: Valide
Nom commun: Reptile sans tête
Longueur (en m): ?
Largeur (en m): ?
Hauteur (en m): ?
Poids (en m): de ? à ?
Environnement de découverte: terrestrial
Mode de vie: terrestrial
Mode de locomotion: actively mobile
Vision: ?
Alimentation: herbivore
Mode de reprodution: oviparous, dispersal=direct/internal,mobile
Classification: Apatosaurinae >> Diplodocidae >> Flagellicaudata >> Diplodocimorpha >> Diplodocoidea >> Neosauropoda >> Eusauropoda >> Gravisauria >> Sauropoda >> Saurischia >> Dinosauria
Période: ?

Espèce(s):
- Apatosaurus ajax (Valide)⁷⁸¹¹
- Apatosaurus laticollis (Synonyme subjectif de Apatosaurus louisae)⁵⁹⁸¹
- Apatosaurus louisae (Valide)¹⁴³⁵¹
- Apatosaurus minimus (nomen dubium, voir Macronaria)¹⁸⁰⁹¹

Specimen(s):

Apatosaurus ajax: holotype YPM 1860 - tibia, femur
Apatosaurus grandis recombined as Camarasaurus grandis: holotype Yale Mus. No. 1905 - femur, ischium, ulna, humerus, scapula
Apatosaurus excelsus recombined as Brontosaurus excelsus: Amer. Mus. Coll. No. 353 - tibia, femur
Apatosaurus excelsus recombined as Brontosaurus excelsus: Amer. Mus. Coll. No. 309 - fibula, tibia
Apatosaurus louisae: - ?
Détail des Spécimens

Référence	Type	Partie	Dimension (en cm)	Lieu de découverte	Commentaires
YPM 1860	holotype	tibia	length: 1130	Collection: Lakes Quarry 10, Morrison (YPM)- Lieu: US, Colorado, Jefferson
YPM 1860	holotype	femur	length: 1836	Collection: Lakes Quarry 10, Morrison (YPM)- Lieu: US, Colorado, Jefferson
Yale Mus. No. 1905	holotype	femur	length: 1050	Collection: Quarry 1, Como Bluff (YPM)- Lieu: US, Wyoming, Albany	an identical value is reported by Marsh 1878
Yale Mus. No. 1905	holotype	ischium	length: 488	Collection: Quarry 1, Como Bluff (YPM)- Lieu: US, Wyoming, Albany
Yale Mus. No. 1905	holotype	ulna	length: 628	Collection: Quarry 1, Como Bluff (YPM)- Lieu: US, Wyoming, Albany
Yale Mus. No. 1905	holotype	humerus	length: 864	Collection: Quarry 1, Como Bluff (YPM)- Lieu: US, Wyoming, Albany
Yale Mus. No. 1905	holotype	scapula	width: 635, length: 1093	Collection: Quarry 1, Como Bluff (YPM)- Lieu: US, Wyoming, Albany
Amer. Mus. Coll. No. 353		tibia	circumference: 480	Collection: Bone Cabin Quarry (AMNH)- Lieu: US, Wyoming, Albany	least circumference
Amer. Mus. Coll. No. 353		femur	length: 1640, circumference: 730	Collection: Bone Cabin Quarry (AMNH)- Lieu: US, Wyoming, Albany	least circumference
Amer. Mus. Coll. No. 309		fibula	length: 1130	Collection: Bone Cabin Quarry (AMNH)- Lieu: US, Wyoming, Albany
Amer. Mus. Coll. No. 309		tibia	length: 1080	Collection: Bone Cabin Quarry (AMNH)- Lieu: US, Wyoming, Albany
		scapula	length: 1640	Collection: Dinosaur National Monument Quarry (CM)- Lieu: US, Utah, Uintah	based on specimens described by Gilmore (1936)
		pubis	length: 1190	Collection: Dinosaur National Monument Quarry (CM)- Lieu: US, Utah, Uintah	based on specimens described by Gilmore (1936)
		ulna	length: 850	Collection: Dinosaur National Monument Quarry (CM)- Lieu: US, Utah, Uintah	based on specimens described by Gilmore (1936)
		radius	length: 800	Collection: Dinosaur National Monument Quarry (CM)- Lieu: US, Utah, Uintah	based on specimens described by Gilmore (1936)
		humerus	length: 1150	Collection: Dinosaur National Monument Quarry (CM)- Lieu: US, Utah, Uintah	based on specimens described by Gilmore (1936)
		tibia	length: 1120	Collection: Dinosaur National Monument Quarry (CM)- Lieu: US, Utah, Uintah	based on specimens described by Gilmore (1936)
		femur	length: 1790	Collection: Dinosaur National Monument Quarry (CM)- Lieu: US, Utah, Uintah	based on specimens described by Gilmore (1936)
		scapula	length: 1670	Collection: Dinosaur National Monument Quarry (CM)- Lieu: US, Utah, Uintah
		pubis	length: 1100	Collection: Dinosaur National Monument Quarry (CM)- Lieu: US, Utah, Uintah
		ulna	length: 1060	Collection: Dinosaur National Monument Quarry (CM)- Lieu: US, Utah, Uintah
		radius	length: 1010	Collection: Dinosaur National Monument Quarry (CM)- Lieu: US, Utah, Uintah
		humerus	length: 1500	Collection: Dinosaur National Monument Quarry (CM)- Lieu: US, Utah, Uintah
		tibia	length: 1100	Collection: Dinosaur National Monument Quarry (CM)- Lieu: US, Utah, Uintah
		femur	length: 1740	Collection: Dinosaur National Monument Quarry (CM)- Lieu: US, Utah, Uintah

Autre(s) Taxon(s) trouvés dans la litterature:
- Apatosaurus
- Apatosaurus yahnahpin recombined as Brontosaurus yahnahpin
- Apatosaurus excelsus recombined as Brontosaurus excelsus
- Apatosaurus alenquerensis recombined as Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis
- Apatosaurus parvus recombined as Brontosaurus parvus
- Apatosaurus yahnahpin n. recombined as Brontosaurus yahnahpin
- Apatosaurus minimus n. nomen dubium Macronaria
- Apatosaurus alenquerensis n. recombined as Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis
- Apatosaurus louisae
- Apatosaurus ajax
- Apatosaurus grandis n. recombined as Camarasaurus grandis
- Apatosaurus laticollis n. subjective synonym of Apatosaurus louisae
Découverte(s): 85 occcurrences
Ouvrir - Fermer
- Portugal
  - Centro
    - Leiria
      - Formation Lourinhã
        Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis identifié comme Apatosaurus alenquerensis: ? ¹³¹⁴³
        Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis identifié comme Apatosaurus alenquerensis: ? ¹³¹⁴³
    - Lisboa
      - Formation Lourinhã
        Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis identifié comme Apatosaurus alenquerensis n. sp.: ? ¹³¹⁴³
  - Lisboa
    - ?
      - Formation Lourinhã
        Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis identifié comme Apatosaurus alenquerensis: ? ¹³¹⁴³
- États-Unis
  - Arizona
    - Navajo
      - Formation Morrison
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹⁵¹⁷⁹
  - Colorado
    - Fremont
      - Formation Morrison
        Apatosaurus: ? ⁴⁹⁵⁵⁰
        Apatosaurus louisae identifié comme Apatosaurus laticollis: ? ¹²⁸⁹³
        Brontosaurus excelsus identifié comme Apatosaurus excelsus: ? ¹²⁸⁹³
    - Gunnison
      - Formation Morrison
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹⁵¹⁷⁹
        Apatosaurus: ? ⁵⁰⁴⁵⁶
        Apatosaurus: ? ⁸¹⁴⁶³
    - Jefferson
      - Formation Morrison
        Apatosaurus ajax: YPM 1860: tibia, femur ⁷⁸¹¹
        Apatosaurus ajax: ? ¹⁰⁶¹⁸
        Apatosaurus ajax: ? ⁷⁶¹⁷¹
        Apatosaurus louisae identifié comme Apatosaurus laticollis n. sp.: ? ⁵⁹⁸¹
    - Mesa
      - Formation Morrison
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹⁵¹⁷⁹
        Apatosaurus: ? ⁶⁹⁴⁸⁴
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹³²⁸¹
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹⁵¹⁷⁹
        Apatosaurus louisae: ? ⁷⁸⁰⁵²
    - Montezuma
      - Formation Morrison
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹⁵¹⁷⁹
    - Montrose
      - Formation Morrison
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹³²⁵⁵
    - Otero
      - Formation Morrison
        Apatosaurus: ? ⁶⁹⁴⁸⁴
  - Montana
    - Gallatin
      - Formation Morrison
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹⁵¹⁷⁹
    - Park
      - Formation Morrison
        Apatosaurus: ? ⁶⁵⁶²⁸
  - New Mexico
    - McKinley
      - Formation Morrison
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹⁵¹⁷⁹
    - Union
      - Formation Morrison
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹⁰⁴⁹²
  - Oklahoma
    - Cimarron
      - Formation Morrison
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹³²⁸¹
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹⁵¹⁷⁹
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹³²⁸¹
        Apatosaurus: ? ⁸⁵⁴⁴⁴
        Brontosaurus parvus identifié comme Apatosaurus parvus: ? ⁵⁵⁰³⁶
  - South Dakota
    - Lawrence
      - Formation Morrison
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹³²⁹⁵
    - Meade
      - Formation Morrison
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹³²⁸¹
  - Utah
    - ?
      - Formation Morrison
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹³²⁸¹
    - Emery
      - Formation Morrison
        Apatosaurus: ? ⁷⁶⁹⁹⁷
        Apatosaurus: ? ⁵³⁰⁵¹
        Apatosaurus: ? ⁶⁹⁴⁸⁴
    - Grand
      - Formation Morrison
        Apatosaurus: ? ³⁵⁰⁴⁴
        Apatosaurus: ? ⁶⁹⁴⁸⁴
    - Uintah
      - Formation Morrison
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹³²⁸¹
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹⁵⁵⁶⁷
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹³²⁸¹
        Apatosaurus louisae: ¹⁴³⁵¹
    - Wayne
      - Formation Morrison
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹³²⁸¹
  - Wyoming
    - Albany
      - Formation Morrison
        Apatosaurus: ? ⁶⁹⁴⁸⁴
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹⁰⁶¹⁸
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹³²⁸¹
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹⁵¹⁷⁹
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹⁵¹⁷⁹
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹⁰⁶¹⁸
        Apatosaurus: ? ⁸⁵³³²
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹⁴⁹⁶⁶
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹³²⁸¹
        Apatosaurus: ? ⁴⁶²⁰⁷
        Apatosaurus: ? ⁶⁵⁴²⁷
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹⁵¹⁷⁹
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹⁵¹⁷⁷
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹⁵¹⁷⁹
        Apatosaurus louisae: ? ⁵²⁶⁰⁵
        Brontosaurus excelsus identifié comme Apatosaurus excelsus: ? ⁸⁵³³²
        Brontosaurus excelsus identifié comme Apatosaurus excelsus: Amer. Mus. Coll. No. 353: tibia, femur Amer. Mus. Coll. No. 309: fibula, tibia ¹³²⁸¹
        Brontosaurus excelsus identifié comme Apatosaurus excelsus: ? ⁴⁶²⁰⁷
        Brontosaurus excelsus identifié comme Apatosaurus excelsus: ? ⁴⁶²⁰⁷
        Brontosaurus excelsus identifié comme Apatosaurus excelsus: ? ⁴⁶²⁰⁷
        Brontosaurus excelsus identifié comme Apatosaurus excelsus: ? ⁴⁶²⁰⁷
        Brontosaurus excelsus identifié comme Apatosaurus excelsus: ? ⁴⁶²⁰⁷
        Brontosaurus excelsus identifié comme Apatosaurus excelsus: ? ⁴⁶²⁰⁷
        Brontosaurus excelsus identifié comme Apatosaurus excelsus: ? ⁴⁶²⁰⁷
        Brontosaurus yahnahpin identifié comme Apatosaurus yahnahpin n. sp.: ? ¹⁴⁰⁷³
        Brontosaurus yahnahpin identifié comme Apatosaurus yahnahpin: ? ⁸⁵³³²
        Camarasaurus grandis identifié comme Apatosaurus grandis n. sp.: Yale Mus. No. 1905: femur, ischium, ulna, humerus, scapula ⁷⁸¹¹
        Macronaria identifié comme Apatosaurus minimus n. sp.: ? ¹⁸⁰⁹¹
    - Big Horn
      - Formation Morrison
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹⁹⁵⁶⁵
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹⁴⁸²¹
        Apatosaurus: ? ⁸²⁷¹⁹
    - Carbon
      - Formation Morrison
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹⁵¹⁷⁷
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹⁵¹⁷⁹
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹⁵¹⁷⁹
    - Hot Springs
      - Formation Morrison
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹⁹²⁴⁰
    - Johnson
      - Formation Morrison
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹⁵¹⁷⁹
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹³²⁸¹
        Apatosaurus: ? ¹³²⁸¹
    - Washakie
      - Formation Morrison
        Apatosaurus: ? ⁴⁹⁵⁵⁰
        Apatosaurus: ? ⁹²²³⁸
Historique des modifications:

Pas de modification récente.

Publication(s)

La base comprend 37 publication(s).

Source: The Paleobiology Database

↑^{1 2 3 4}O. C. Marsh. 1877. Notice of new dinosaurian reptiles from the Jurassic formation. American Journal of Science and Arts 14:514-516 (https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s3-14.84.514)
↑^{1 2}O. C. Marsh. 1879. Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Part II. American Journal of Science, Series 3 17:86-92 (https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s3-17.97.86)
↑^{1 2}W. J. Holland. 1915. A new species of Apatosaurus. Annals of Carnegie Museum 10(1-2):143-145 (https://doi.org/10.5962/p.78060)
↑^{1 2}C. C. Mook. 1917. Criteria for the determination of species in the Sauropoda, with description of a new species of Apatosaurus. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 37(16):355-358
↑^{1 2 3 4}A. F. d. Lapparent and G. Zbyszewski. 1957. Les dinosauriens du Portugal [The dinosaurs of Portugal]. Mémoires des Services Géologiques du Portugal, nouvelle série 2:1-63
↑^{1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15}J. R. Foster. 2003. Paleoecological analysis of the vertebrate fauna of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic), Rocky Mountain region, U.S.A. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 23:1-95
↑^{1 2}M. Hanson and P. J. Makovicky. 2013. A new specimen of Torvoaurus tanneri originally collected by Elmer Riggs. Historical Biology 26(6):775-784 (https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2013.853056)
↑^{1 2}K. Carpenter. 1998. Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Morrison Formation near Cañon City, Colorado. Modern Geology 23:407-426
↑¹A. L. Koch, F. Frost, and K. Trujillo. 2006. Palaeontological discoveries at Curecanti National Recreation Area and Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park, Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Colorado. Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 36:35-38
↑¹B. L. Bartleson and J. A. Jensen. 1988. The oldest (?) Morrison Formation dinosaur, Gunnison, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geologist 3:129-139
↑^{1 2 3}J. H. Ostrom and J. S. McIntosh. 1999. Marsh's Dinosaurs: The Collections from Como Bluff. Yale University Press, New Haven
↑¹P. M. Galton. 2010. Species of plated dinosaur Stegosaurus (Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic) of western USA: new type species designation needed. Swiss Journal of Geosciences 103:187-198 (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-010-0022-4)
↑^{1 2 3 4 5}J. R. Foster and J. E. Peterson. 2016. First report of Apatosaurus (Diplodocidae: Apatosaurinae) from the Cleveland-Lloyd Quarry in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Utah: abundance, distribution, paleoecology, and taphonomy of an endemic North American sauropod clade. Palaeoworld 25:431-443 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2015.11.006)
↑^{1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13}C. E. Turner and F. Peterson. 1999. Biostratigraphy of dinosaurs in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of the Western Interior, U.S.A. Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah, Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication 99-1:77-114
↑¹J. R. Foster, R. K. Hunt-Foster, and M. A. Gorman, KC Trujillo, C. A. Suarez, J. B. McHugh, J. E. Peterson, J. P. Warnock, H. E. Schoenstein. 2018. Paleontology, taphonomy, and sedimentology of the Mygatt-Moore Quarry, a large dinosaur bonebed in the Morrison Formation, western Colorado—implications for Upper Jurassic dinosaur preservation modes. Geology of the Intermountain West 5:23-93 (https://doi.org/10.31711/giw.v5.pp23-93)
↑¹B. Britt. 1991. Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri. BYU Geology Studies 37:1-72
↑¹S. C. R. Maidment, D. C. Woodruff, and J. R. Horner. 2018. A new specimen of the ornithischian dinosaur Hesperosaurus mjosi from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, U.S.A., and implications for growth and size in Morrison stegosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 38(1):e1406366:1-22 (https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2017.1406366)
↑¹S. G. Lucas, T. E. Williamson, and J. W. Estep, A. P. Hunt, O. J. Anderson. 1996. Jurassic fossil vertebrates from New Mexico. The Continental Jurassic. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 60:235-241
↑¹D. R. Richmond, T. C. Hunt, and R. L. Cifelli. 2020. Stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Morrison Formation in the western panhandle of Oklahoma with reference to the historical Stovall dinosaur quarries. Journal of Geology 128:477-515 (https://doi.org/10.1086/71236)
↑¹P. Upchurch, Y. Tomida, and P. M. Barrett. 2004. A new specimen of Apatosaurus ajax (Sauropoda, Diplodocidae) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Wyoming, USA. National Science Museum Monographs 26:1-118
↑¹J. R. Foster. 1996. Sauropod dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic), Black Hills, South Dakota and Wyoming. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming 31(1):1-25
↑¹J. Bertog, D. L. Jeffery, and K. Coode, W. B. Hester, R. R. Robinson, J. Bishop. 2014. Taphonomic patterns of a dinosaur accumulation in a lacustrine delta system in the Jurassic Morrison Formation, San Rafael Swell, Utah, USA. Palaeontologia Electronica 17(3):36A:1-19 (https://doi.org/10.26879/372)
↑¹J. H. Madsen Jr. and W. L. Stokes. 1972. University of Utah Cooperative Dinosaur Project, a progress report. Proceedings of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters 49(1):48-50
↑¹J. Foster. 2005. New sauropod dinosaur specimens found near Moab, Utah, and the sauropod fauna of the Morrison Formation. Canyon Legacy 55:22-27
↑¹D. J. Chure and G. F. Engelmann. 1989. The fauna of the Morrison Formation in Dinosaur National Monument. In J. J. Flynn (ed.), Mesozoic/Cenozoic Vertebrate Paleontology: Classic Localities, Contemporary Approaches: Field Trip Guide Book T322. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC (https://doi.org/10.1029/ft322p0008)
↑^{1 2 3}M. V. Connely. 2002. Stratigraphy and Paleoecology of the Morrison Formation, Como Bluff, Wyoming
↑¹C. A. Miles and D. W. Hamblin. 1999. Historical update: paleontological excavation in the Como Region. In J. H. Ostrom & J. S. McIntosh, Marsh's Dinosaurs. Yale University Press, New Haven
↑^{1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8}J. S. McIntosh. 1981. Annotated catalogue of the dinosaurs (Reptilia, Archosauria) in the collections of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History 18:1-67 (https://doi.org/10.5962/p.228597)
↑¹R. T. Bakker. 1996. The real Jurassic park: dinosaurs and habitats at Como Bluff, Wyoming. The Continental Jurassic. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 60:35-49
↑^{1 2}A. R. Fiorillo. 1998. Bone modification features on sauropod remains (Dinosauria) from the Freezeout Hills Quarry N (Morrison Formation) of southeastern Wyoming and their contribution to fine-scale paleoenvironmental interpretation. Modern Geology 23(1-4):111-126
↑¹L. L. White. 1950. The Duquesne University Collection of Dinosaur Bones.
↑¹B. J. Filla and P. D. Redman. 1994. Apatosaurus yahnahpin: a preliminary description of a new species of diplodocid dinosaur from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation of southern Wyoming, the first sauropod dinosaur found with a complete set of "belly ribs". Wyoming Geological Association Forty-Fourth Annual Field Conference. Wyoming Geological Association Guidebook 44:159-178
↑¹J. R. Foster. 2005. New juvenile sauropod material from western Colorado, and the record of juvenile sauropods from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation. Thunder-Lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, Bloomington
↑¹T. Ikejiri, D. Schwarz, and B. Breithaupt. 2005. A nearly complete skeleton of a baby sauropod from the lower Morrison Formation of the Howe Stephens Quarry, Wyoming: "little steps" into diplodocid ontogeny and taxonomy. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25(3, suppl.):73A
↑¹B. K. Wilborn. 2001. Two New Dinosaur Bonebeds from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation, Bighorn Basin, WY: An Analysis of the Paleontology and Stratigraphy.
↑¹D. S. Jennings and S. T. Hasiotis. 2006. Taphonomic analysis of a dinosaur feeding site using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Morrison Formation, southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA. Palaios 21:480-492 (https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2005.p05-062r)
↑¹A. S. S. Barros. 2018. Upper Jurassic Dinosaur Bonebeds at Ten Sleep, Wyoming: Stratigraphy, Preliminary Results and Field Reports of 2016 and 2017.