Two Medicine
Description
Source: Wikipédia
La formation de Two Medicine est une formation géologique constituée essentiellement de grès, située dans la région de Two Medicine au nord-ouest du Montana aux États-Unis qui s'est formée entre il y a environ entre 83,6 et 72,2 millions d'années, au cours du Campanien (Crétacé supérieur). Elle affleure à l'est de la ceinture de chevauchement des Montagnes Rocheuses, et sa partie ouest (environ 600 mètres d'épaisseur) est une région de plis et de failles tandis que sa partie est, qui s'amincit dans la Sweetgrass Arch, est le plus souvent une zone de plaines déformées. Au-dessous de la formation de Two Medicine, on trouve des dépôts littoraux (plage et zone de marée) de grès et au-dessus la Formation de Bearpaw. Tout au long du Campanien, la région a servi de frontière entre la mer de Niobraran et le Laramidia. C'était donc essentiellement une région de rivières et de deltas.
Elle est réputée pour ses très nombreuses espèces de dinosaures et de sites de nidification qui y ont été mis au jour.
Découvertes
Source: The Paleobiology Database
Site(s) correspondant(s) à cette formation: 71Egg Island, MOR TM-024 : Montana - Teton 4406 7404 7406 14294 14356 33366 33367 89709
coordinates are for nearby town of Choteau, MTEgg Gulch, MOR TM-008 : Montana - Teton 4406 7402 14294 14356 17718 89295 89709
coordinates are for nearby Egg Mountain, near Choteau, Montana. "This area is the traditional home of the Niitsítpiis- stahkoii (=Blackfoot/Niitsitapi ), Ktunaxa ?amak?is, and Salish Kootenai (Flathead) peoples."Egg Mountain, MOR TM-006 : Montana - Teton 2601 14294 14356 17718 33367 54843 58777 63737 76550 89709
found during blasting by Shell Oil Co. ca. 20 mi. W of ChoteauBlacktail Creek North, MOR TM-072 : Montana - Glacier 5724 8729 17718 62031 89709 91035
- Prosaurolophus maximus
- Saurischia
- Achelousaurus horneri
- Ankylosauria
- Ankylosauridae
- Daspletosaurus horneri
- Hadrosauridae
Camp-o-saur, MOR TM-003 : Montana - Teton 5724 7404 55072 89709
Jack's Birthday Site, MOR TM-068 (bone layer) : Montana - Glacier 5724 9812 10628 13758 14615 17718 31419 62031 70922 89709
- Prosaurolophus maximus
- Hypacrosaurus stebingeri
- Gryposaurus
- Troodon formosus
- Daspletosaurus horneri
- Hadrosaurinae
- Richardoestesia
- Saurornitholestes
- Dromaeosauridae
- Ornithomimidae
- Theropoda
- Ceratopsia
- Ankylosauria
- Hadrosauridae
- Hypsilophodontidae
- Lambeosaurinae
- Daspletosaurus
- Dinosauria
- Bambiraptor feinbergi
Lambeosite, MOR TM-019 : Montana - Glacier 5724 7404 12559 17718 89709
Landslide Butte field areaWest Hadrosaur Bonebed, MOR TM-067 : Montana - Glacier 4217 5724 9812 17718
near confluence of Badger Creek and Two Medicine RiverWest-Side Quarry, MOR TM-041 : Montana - Glacier 5697 10628 17718 62077 89709
Landslide Butte field areaCanyon Bonebed, MOR TM-046 : Montana - Glacier 5697 8729 14725 17718 33790 62077 70972 89709
Landslide Butte Field Area, ca. 42 km NW of Cut Bank; also listed as "MOR locality #456" in Rogers 1997.Dino Ridge Quarry, MOR TM-023 : Montana - Glacier 5697 8729 17718 89709
in the Landslide Butte field area, ca. 2 km from Canyon Bonebed (CBB)- Hadrosauridae
- Einiosaurus procurvicornis
- Euoplocephalus
- Ceratopsia
- Ankylosauridae
- Ornithomimidae
- Nodosauridae
- Centrosaurinae identifié comme Brachyceratops sp.
Bob's Vacation Site : Montana - Glacier 7156 17718 89709
"extent of 25 m2"
no geographic details are given, so coordinate is based on county- Saurornitholestes
- Troodon formosus
- Orodromeus makelai
- Theropoda
- Tyrannosauridae
- Hadrosauridae
- Nodosauridae
Willow Creek Anticline (WCA) : Montana - Teton 4217 7402 7403 45731 56011 70703 76550 89709
SW of Choteau, Teton County; multiple sites (including MOR TM-160) through ca. 8 m of section. 22 total sites - 3 nesting sites, 4 bonebeds, 15 coprolite sitesOld Trail Museum locality L-6/Bob's Tuesday Site : Montana - Teton 4217 9814
within/S of Seven Mile Hill Badlands, Teton Co. Coordinates are for nearby Choteau.north side, Milk River (USNM) : Montana - Glacier 7748 12057 13604 17480 26782 89709
T37N, R8W, sec. 16; N side of Milk River, about 1/2 mile W and S of Brachyceratops type locality; Blackfeet Indian Reservation- Panoplosaurus rugosidens identifié comme Palaeoscincus rugosidens n. sp.
south side, Milk River (USNM 11892) : Montana - Glacier 12057 46759 66472
T37N, R8W, sec 27; S side of Milk River, Blackfeet Indian ReservationS. ovatus type, Milk River (USNM 11869) : Montana - Glacier 12057 12314 70972
T37N, R8W - no section given, so coordinates are for section 18 (halfway); Milk River, Blackfeet Indian Reservation- Rubeosaurus ovatus identifié comme Styracosaurus ovatus n. sp.
DeleteMe : Montana - Pondera 10628
near Shield's Crossing, S of Cut Bank, along Two Medicine River W of Hwy 358 bridgeMilk River ceratopsian bonebed (USNM) : Montana - Glacier 12314 13459 14570 18053 54631 89709
originally Teton Co.; NE 1/4, sec 16, T37N, R8W; Blackfeet Indian Reservation; near the Canadian boundary, about 30 (or 35) mi NW of Cut Bank, along the Milk River- Centrosaurinae identifié comme Brachyceratops montanensis n. gen. n. sp.
Stellasaurus type, MOR TM-060 : Montana - Glacier 72323 89709
approx. 40 km NW of Cut BankEgg Baby Butte, MOR TM-035 : Montana - Glacier 12559 89709
near Landslide ButteEgg Baby West, MOR TM-036 : Montana - Glacier 12559 17718
Baby Slide, MOR TM-037 : Montana - Glacier 12559
Egg Explosion Hill, MOR TM-038 : Montana - Glacier 12559 17718
North Dome, MOR TM-039 : Montana - Glacier 12559
Egg Baby North, MOR TM-051 : Montana - Glacier 12559 17718 89709
Blacktail Creek, MOR TM-066 : Montana - Glacier 12559 17718 45731 62077 84521 89709
Kiddie's Corner, Devil's Coulee : Alberta - ? 12559
At Devil's Coulee, near Warner AlbertaBadger Creek, MOR TM-065/065S : Montana - Glacier 12559 27955 54993 89709
Red Rock Far Out Site, MOR TM-012 : Montana - Teton 14356 54631
Coordinates based on nearby town of Choteau.Red Rock One Place Site, MOR TM-012 : Montana - Teton 14356 54631
Coordinates based on nearby town of Choteau.Red Rock Cairn 2 Site, MOR TM-012 : Montana - Teton 14356 54631
Coordinates based on nearby town of Choteau.Red Rock Bone Hill Site, MOR TM-012 : Montana - Teton 14356 54631
Coordinates based on nearby town of Choteau.0.5 miles north of Two Medicine River (USNM) : Montana - Pondera 12319 12559 14583
described as "north side of the Two Medicine River, Blackfeet Indian Reservation, Teton County", but this river does not enter Teton Co. Part of Teton Co. was carved off to make Pondera Co. in 1919; I am assuming that Gilmore either mis-wrote or did not know of the change, and estimated a site on the N side of the river in Pondera Co. Lull & Wright list the locality as 0.5 mi N of the Two Medicine River.south side, Two Medicine River (USNM) : Montana - Pondera 14586 23483 25743 38107
described as "south side of Two Medicine River, Teton County", but this river does not enter Teton Co. Part of Teton Co. was carved off to make Pondera Co. in 1919; I am assuming that Gilmore either mis-wrote or did not know of the change, and estimated a site on the N side of the river in Pondera Co. Both USNM "Leptoceratops" sites are described as the same as MOR TM-067 in ref 25743, but come from opposite sides of the river and are retained as separate here.north side, Two Medicine River (USNM) : Montana - Pondera 14586 23483 25743
described as "north side of Two Medicine River, Teton County", but this river does not enter Teton Co. Part of Teton Co. was carved off to make Pondera Co. in 1919; I am assuming that Gilmore either mis-wrote or did not know of the change, and estimated a site on the N side of the river in Pondera Co.Both USNM "Leptoceratops" sites are described as the same as MOR TM-067 in ref 25743, but come from opposite sides of the river and are retained as separate here.Sun River Bonebed : Montana - Teton 14809 39426 89709
adjacent to Sun River, N-central Montana, in the Disturbed Beltsouth side, Milk River (USNM) : Montana - Glacier 12319 14881 18053
NW 1/4, Sec. 27, T37N, R8W. S side of Milk River, Blackfeet Indian Reservation, formery Teton Co.MOR TM-013, Landslide Butte : Montana - Glacier 16613 17718 46506 89709 92794
sec. 27, T37N, R8W- Leptorhynchos
- Ankylosauridae
- Carnosauria
- Centrosaurinae
- Ceratopsia
- Dinosauria
- Einiosaurus procurvicornis
- Hadrosauridae
- Hypacrosaurus stebingeri
- Lambeosaurinae
- Nodosauridae
- Ornithischia
- Pachycephalosauridae
- Paronychodon
- Theropoda
- Troodon formosus
Jones' Site : Montana - Teton 15024 54477 85693 85694
approx. 13 km W of Bynum, MTTwo Medicine River (USNM) : Montana - Glacier 12319 18053
on the Two Medicine River; area about 30 mi NW of Cut Bank, in T31N, R7W- Hadrosauridae identifié comme Stephanosaurus ? marginatus
Two Medicine River, below Edwards ranch (USNM) : Montana - Glacier 12319 18053
on the Two Medicine River; area about 30 mi NW of Cut Bank, in T31N, R7W; about 1 mi below the abandoned ranch buildings of John Edwards, on the S side of the river at the base of the high exposures- Hadrosauridae identifié comme "Trachodon" marginatus
Milk River ankylosaur (USNM) : Montana - Glacier 17480 18053 46759 66472
a short distance from the Brachyceratops type site, on the Milk River; R 37 N, R 8 W, 1 mi N of Blackfeet Indian ReservationDupuyer Creek egg site : Montana - Pondera 14221
Kahn's Cache, TA 1997.002 : Montana - Teton 19504 76532
precise locality information unavailable, so coordinates based on randomly chosen Cretaceous outcrop W of ChoteauPiegan/Piikani bonebed (proxy) : Montana - Pondera 23482 23483 89235
Proxy site for Prenoceratops type, collected on privately owned and deeded land of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation, in the area of the Piegan (Piikani) tribe, in Pondera CountySouth Milk River (AMNH) : Montana - Glacier 12319 19383 32716 47300 51790 89709
Glacier County, 30 mi W of Sweet Grass, South Milk River, approx. location of Landslide ButteFirst Find Microsite (OTM 99-19) : Montana - Teton 4217 34694
within/S of Sevenmile Hill Badlands, Teton Co.Red Rocks Site, MOR TM-012 : Montana - Teton 25743 89709
"Teton County" (coordinate based on Choteau)MOR TM-281 : Montana - Teton 38486 89709
locality MOR TM-281, approx. 14 km SW of ChoteauMOR TM-034, northwest of Cut Bank : Montana - ? 7748 44665 46759 66472
- Panoplosaurus rugosidens identifié comme Edmontonia rugosidens
- Oohkotokia horneri
Milk River, near Havre : Montana - Hill 12319 14199 46207 54744
from near Havre, Milk RiverBlack Tail Creek : Montana - Glacier 12319
Black Tail Creek, 17 mi NW of DupuyerHillside Quarry, MOR TM-055 : Montana - Glacier 10628 12319 42788 46759 56011 66472 89709
near Shields Crossing (= Shield's Crossing), 12 miles southwest (ca. 15 km SSW) of Cut Bank, along Two Medicine River W of Hwy 358 bridgeMilk River (USNM) : Montana - Glacier 12319
Milk River, Blackfeet Indian Reservation, formery Teton Co.17 miles southwest of Cut Bank : Montana - Pondera 12319
17 miles southwest of Cut BankMilk River, 4 miles north of Havre : Montana - Hill 12319
from 4 mi N of Havre, Milk River (interpreted as 4 mi. downstream from Havre)14 mi west of Choteau : Montana - Teton 12319
14 mi west of ChoteauTwo Medicine River, above Edwards ranch (USNM) : Montana - Glacier 12319
on the Two Medicine River; area about 30 mi NW of Cut Bank, in T31N, R7W; about 1.5 mi above the abandoned ranch buildings of John EdwardsSun River (below bonebed) (MOR) : Montana - Teton 62031 89709 91035
adjacent to Sun River, N-central Montana, in the Disturbed Beltsouth side, Milk River ankylosaur [USNM] : Montana - Glacier 17500 46759
S side, Milk River; sec 27, T 37 N, R 8 W, Blackfeet Indian Reservation2.4 km north of Landslide Butte : Montana - Glacier 76550 89709
2.4 km N of Landslide ButteFlaming Cliff : Montana - Teton 76550
Flaming Cliff, SE 1⁄4, NE 1⁄4, S24, T24N, R7W, Teton County0.8 km east of Willow Creek Anticline (WCA) : Montana - Teton 76550
0.8 km east of Willow Creek Anticline0.91 m southwest, Jill’s Carnosaur Jaw site : Montana - Teton 76550
0.91 m SW of Jill’s Carnosaur Jaw site, Willow Creek Anticline, Teton CountyBlacktail Creek, southwest of Cutbank : Montana - Glacier 76965
found near Blacktail Creek, southwest of CutbankPete’s Pupa Peninsula (PPP) : Montana - Teton 78546 89709
SW of Choteau, Teton County; small outcrop within the Willow Creek AnticlineBlackfeet Indian Reservation, Scolosaurus [PROXY] : Montana - ? 44665 46759
The holotype is from the middle part of the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation on the Blackfeet Reservation in northern Montana, c. 22 km SSW of Cut Bank.MOR TM-141 : Montana - Pondera 89709
along N bank of Two Medicine River, just E of MT Rte 358, in strat section 92-TMT-4Brandvold bonebed site, MOR TM-151 : Montana - Teton 89709
ca. 0.75 km NNE of Egg MountainAchelousaurus type, MOR TM-060 : Montana - Glacier 8729 14725 32668 89709
approx. 40 km NW of Cut Bank
Publication(s)
La base comprend 92 publication(s).
Source: The Paleobiology Database
- ↑1 2 3 4 J. R. Horner. 1982. Evidence of colonial nesting and "site fidelity" among ornithischian dinosaurs . Nature 297(5868):675-676 (https://doi.org/10.1038/297675a0)
- ↑1 2 3 J. R. Horner and D. B. Weishampel. 1988. A comparative embryological study of two ornithischian dinosaurs. Nature 332:256-257 (https://doi.org/10.1038/332256a0)
- ↑1 J. R. Horner and D. B. Weishampel. 1996. A comparative embryological study of two ornithischian dinosaurs (correction). Nature 383:103 (https://doi.org/10.1038/383103b0)
- ↑1 2 3 D. K. Zelenitsky. 2000. Dinosaur eggs from Asia and North America. Y.-N. Lee (ed.), 2000 International Dinosaur Symposium for Kosong County in Korea. Paleontological Society of Korea Special Publication 4:13-26
- ↑1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 K. F. Hirsch and B. Quinn. 1990. Eggs and eggshell fragments from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 10(4):491-511 (https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1990.10011832)
- ↑1 F. D. Jackson, J. R. Horner, and D. J. Varricchio. 2010. A study of a Troodon egg containing embryonic remains using epifluorescence microscopy and other techniques. Cretaceous Research 31:255-262 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2009.11.006)
- ↑1 2 D. J. Varricchio, J. R. Horner, and F. D. Jackson. 2002. Embryos and eggs for the Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Troodon formosus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22(3):564-576 (https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0564:eaeftc]2.0.co;2)
- ↑1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 R. R. Rogers, J. R. Horner, and J. Ramezani, E. M. Roberts, D. J. Varricchio. 2024. Updating the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Two Medicine Formation of Montana: lithostratigraphic revisions, new CA-ID-TIMS U-Pb ages, and a calibrated framework for dinosaur occurrences. GSA Bulletin (https://doi.org/10.1130/B37498.1)
- ↑1 2 3 J. R. Horner and R. Makela. 1979. Nest of juveniles provides evidence of family structure among dinosaurs. Nature 282:296-298 (https://doi.org/10.1038/282296a0)
- ↑1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 M. T. Carrano. 2006. Fossil Vertebrate Collections, Museum of the Rockies
- ↑1 G. F. Funston, M. J. Powers, and S. A. Whitebone, S. L. Brusatte, J. B. Scannella, J. R. Horner, P. J. Currie. 2021. Baby tyrannosaurid bones and teeth from the Late Cretaceous of western North America 1. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 58(9):756–777 (https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2020-0169)
- ↑1 2 Anonymous. 1979. First carnivorous dinosaur eggs found. Science News 116(10):167, 174
- ↑1 M. Montellano. 1988. Alphadon halleyi (Didelphidae, Marsupialia) from the Two Medicine Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 8(4):378-382 (https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1988.10011726)
- ↑1 K. F. Hirsch. 2001. Pathological amniote eggshell—fossil and modern. Mesozoic Vertebrate Life: New Research Inspired by the Paleontology of Philip J. Currie
- ↑1 J. R. Horner. 1997. Egg Mountain. Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs
- ↑1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 S. G. Dalman, S. G. Lucas, and D. E. Malinzak. 2018. Tyrannosaurid teeth from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Two Medicine Formation of Montana. Fossil Record 6. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 79:125-139
- ↑1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 D. J. Varricchio. 1993. Taphonomy of Jack's Birthday site, a diverse dinosaur bone bed. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13(3, suppl.):61A
- ↑1 2 3 4 S. D. Sampson. 1995. Two new horned dinosaurs from the upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana; with a phylogenetic analysis of the Centrosaurinae (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14(5):743-760 (https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1995.10011259)
- ↑1 2 3 4 T. D. Carr, D. J. Varricchio, and J. C. Sedlmayr, E. M. Roberts, J. R. Moore. 2017. A new tyrannosaur with evidence for anagenesis and crocodile-like facial sensory system. Scientific Reports 7:44942:1-11 (https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44942)
- ↑1 2 C. R. Scherer and C. Voiculescu-Holvad. 2024. Reanalysis of a dataset refutes claims of anagenesis within Tyrannosaurus-line tyrannosaurines (Theropoda, Tyrannosauridae). Cretaceous Research 155(78):105780 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105780)
- ↑1 J. G. Schmitt, F. D. Jackson, and R. R. Hanna. 2014. Debris flow origin of an unusual Late Cretaceous hadrosaur bonebed in the Two Medicine Formation of western Montana. Hadrosaurs
- ↑1 2 D. J. Varricchio. 1992. Taphonomy and histology of the Upper Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Troodon formosus: life history implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 12(3, suppl.):57A
- ↑1 2 D. J. Varricchio. 1995. Taphonomy of Jack's Birthday Site, a diverse dinosaur bonebed from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 114:297-323 (https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(94)00084-l)
- ↑1 2 3 4 5 J. R. Horner. 1992. Cranial morphology of Prosaurolophus (Ornithischia: Hadrosauridae) with descriptions of two new hadrosaurid species and an evaluation of hadrosaurid phylogenetic relationships. Museum of the Rockies Occasional Paper 2:1-119
- ↑1 D. J. Varricchio. 1993. Bone microstructure of the Upper Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Troodon formosus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13(1):99-104 (https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1993.10011490)
- ↑1 P. J. Currie and D. J. Varricchio. 2004. A new dromaeosaurid from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Alberta, Canada. Feathered Dragons. Indiana University Press, Bloomington
- ↑1 R. Takasaki, A. R. Fiorillo, and Y. Kobayashi, R. S. Tykoski, P. J. McCarthy. 2019. The first definite lambeosaurine bone From the Liscomb Bonebed of the Upper Cretaceous Prince Creek Formation, Alaska, United States. Scientific Reports 9(1):5384:1-11 (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41325-8)
- ↑1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 J. R. Horner and P. J. Currie. 1994. Embryonic and neonatal morphology and ontogeny of a new species of Hypacrosaurus (Ornithischia, Lambeosauridae) from Montana and Alberta. Dinosaur Eggs and Babies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
- ↑1 2 3 4 5 J. R. Horner, J. G. Schmitt, and F. Jackson, R. Hanna. 2001. Bones and rocks of the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine-Judith River clastic wedge complex, Montana. In C. L. Hill (ed), Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 61st Annual Meeting, Bozeman. Guidebook for the Field Trips: Mesozoic and Cenozoic Paleontology in the Western Plains and Rocky Mountains, Museum of the Rockies Occasional Paper 3:3-13
- ↑1 2 3 4 5 R. R. Rogers. 1991. Taphonomy of three dinosaur bone beds in the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Northwestern Monana: evidence for drought-related mortality. Palaios 5:394-413 (https://doi.org/10.2307/3514834)
- ↑1 2 3 R. R. Rogers. 1997. Two Medicine Formation. Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs
- ↑1 2 3 S. D. Sampson. 1994. Two new horned dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae) from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation, Montana, USA. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14(3, suppl.):44A
- ↑1 A. T. McDonald and J. R. Horner. 2010. New material of "Styracosaurus" ovatus from the Two Medicine Formation of Montana. New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Indiana University Press, Bloomington
- ↑1 2 A. T. McDonald. 2011. A subadult specimen of Rubeosaurus ovatus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae), with observations on other ceratopsids from the Two Medicine Formation. PLoS ONE 6(8):e22710:1-12 (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022710)
- ↑1 2 D. J. Varricchio. 2002. A new bird from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 39(1):19-26 (https://doi.org/10.1139/e01-057)
- ↑1 J. R. Horner. 1983. Cranial osteology and morphology of the type specimen of Maiasaura peeblesorum (Ornithischia: Hadrosauridae), with discussion of its phylogenetic position. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3(1):29-38 (https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1983.10011954)
- ↑1 2 A. M. Bailleul, B. K. Hall, and J. R. Horner. 2013. Secondary cartilage revealed in a non-avian dinosaur embryo. PLoS ONE 8(2):e56937:1-5 (https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0056937)
- ↑1 2 J. R. Horner. 1984. Three ecologically distinct vertebrate faunal communities from the Late Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana, with discussion of evolutionary pressures induced by interior seaway fluctuations. Northwest Montana and Adjacent Canada. Montana Geological Society, 1984 Field Conference and Symposium
- ↑1 G. C. Nadon. 1993. The association of anastomosed fluvial deposits and dinosaur tracks, eggs, and nests: implications for the interpretation of floodplain environments and a possible survivial strategy for ornithopods. Palaios 8:31-44 (https://doi.org/10.2307/3515220)
- ↑1 2 D. J. Varricchio. 2001. Gut contents from a Cretaceous tyrannosaurid: implications for theropod dinosaur digestive tracts. Journal of Paleontology 75(2):401-406 (https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000018199)
- ↑1 2 3 4 5 6 C. W. Gilmore. 1930. On dinosaurian reptiles from the Two Medicine Formation of Montana. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 77(16):1-39 (https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.77-2839.1)
- ↑1 2 3 K. Carpenter. 1990. Ankylosaur systematics: example using Panoplosaurus and Edmontonia (Ankylosauria: Nodosauridae). Dinosaur Systematics: Approaches and Perspectives (https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511608377.024)
- ↑1 W. P. Coombs, Jr. 1990. Teeth and taxonomy in ankylosaurs. In K. Carpenter & P. J. Currie (eds.), Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
- ↑1 2 W. P. Coombs. 1978. The families of the ornithischian dinosaur order Ankylosauria. Palaeontology 21(1):143-170
- ↑1 L. S. Russell. 1940. Edmontonia rugosidens (Gilmore), an armored dinosaur from the Belly River Series of Alberta. University of Toronto Studies, Geology Series 43:3-27
- ↑1 2 3 4 5 6 7 V. M. Arbour and P. J. Currie. 2013. Euoplocephalus tutus and the diversity of ankylosaurid dinosaurs in the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada, and Montana, USA. PLoS ONE 8(5):e62421:1.-39 (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062421)
- ↑1 2 3 4 P. Penkalski. 2018. Revised systematics of the armoured dinosaur Euoplocephalus and its allies. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 287(3):261-306 (https://doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2018/0717)
- ↑1 2 R. S. Lull. 1933. A revision of the Ceratopsia or horned dinosaurs. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 3(3):1-175 (https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.5716)
- ↑1 2 C. W. Gilmore. 1914. A new ceratopsian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Montana, with note on Hypacrosaurus. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 63(3):1-10
- ↑1 C. W. Gilmore. 1922. The smallest known horned dinosaur, Brachyceratops. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 61(3):1-4 (https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.61-2424.1)
- ↑1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 C. W. Gilmore. 1917. Brachyceratops, a ceratopsian dinosaur from the Two Medicine Formation of Montana, with notes on associated fossil reptiles. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 103:1-45 (https://doi.org/10.3133/pp103)
- ↑1 2 3 4 5 J. R. Horner. 1989. The Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems of Montana. Geologic Resources of Montana. 1989 Montana Geological Society Field Conference and Symposium Guidebook
- ↑1 2 J. P. Wilson, M. J. Ryan, and D. C. Evans. 2020. A new, transitional centrosaurine ceratopsid from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana and the evolution of the 'Styracosaurus-line' dinosaurs. Royal Society Open Science 7:200284 (https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200284)
- ↑1 A. M. Bailleul, W. Zheng, and J. R. Horner, B. K. Hall, C. M. Holliday, M. H. Schweitzer. 2020. Evidence of proteins, chromosomes and chemical markers of DNA in exceptionally preserved dinosaur cartilage. National Science Review 7(4):815-822 (https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz206)
- ↑1 L. N. Cooper, A. H. Lee, and M. L. Taper, J. R. Horner. 2008. Relative growth rates of predator and prey dinosaurs reflect effects of predation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B (https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0912)
- ↑1 K. S. Brink, D. K. Zelenitsky, and D. C. Evans, J. R. Horner, F. Therrien. 2014. Cranial morphology and variation in Hypacrosaurus stebingeri (Ornithischia: Hadrosauridae). Hadrosaurs
- ↑1 2 C. W. Gilmore. 1937. On the detailed skull structure of a crested hadrosaurian dinosaur. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 84(3023):481-491 (https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.84-3023.481)
- ↑1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 R. S. Lull and N. E. Wright. 1942. Hadrosaurian dinosaurs of North America. Geological Society of America Special Paper 40:1-242 (https://doi.org/10.1130/spe40-p1)
- ↑1 2 C. W. Gilmore. 1936. Fossil hunting in Montana and Wyoming. Explorations and Field-Work of the Smithsonian Institution in 1935 3382:1-4
- ↑1 2 3 C. W. Gilmore. 1939. Ceratopsian dinosaurs from the Two Medicine Formation, Upper Cretaceous of Montana. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 87(3066):1-18 (https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.87-3066.1)
- ↑1 2 3 4 B. J. Chinnery and J. R. Horner. 2003. New basal neoceratopsian from the lower Two Medicine Formation of Montana provides a link between Asian and North American taxa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23(3, suppl.):40A
- ↑1 2 3 4 B. J. Chinnery and J. R. Horner. 2007. A new neoceratopsian dinosaur linking North American and Asian taxa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27(3):625-641 (https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[625:anndln]2.0.co;2)
- ↑1 2 B. Scherzer and D. Varricchio. 2005. Taphonomy of a juvenile lambeosaur bonebed from the Two Medicine Formation of Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25(3, suppl.):110A
- ↑1 B. A. Scherzer and D. J. Varricchio. 2010. Taphonomy of a juvenile lambeosaurine bonebed from the Two Medicine Formation (Campanian) of Montana, United States. Palaios 25(12):780-795 (https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2009.p09-143r)
- ↑1 W. J. Morris. 1978. Hypacrosaurus altispinus? Brown from the Two Medicine Formation, Montana a taxonomically indeterminate specimen. Journal of Paleontology 52(1):200-205
- ↑1 2 P. J. Currie and J. R. Horner. 1988. Lambeosaurine hadrosaur embryos (Reptilia: Ornithischia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 8(3 (suppl.)):13A
- ↑1 D. J. Varricchio. 2001. Late Cretaceous oviraptorosaur (Theropoda) dinosaurs from Montana. D. H. Tanke and K. Carpenter (eds.), Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, Indiana University Press, Bloomington
- ↑1 N. R. Longrich, K. Barnes, and S. Clark, L. Millar. 2013. Caenagnathidae from the upper Campanian Aguja Formation of west Texas, and a revision of the Caenagnathinae. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 54(1):23-49 (https://doi.org/10.3374/014.054.0102)
- ↑1 2 M. Brandvold and J. Brandvold. 1996. Taphonomy of the Jones' Site, Two Medicine Formation (Campanian) of north-central Montana with evidence of theropod feeding techniques based on bioturbation. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16(3, suppl.):23A
- ↑1 D. A. Burnham, K. L. Derstler, and P. J. Currie, R. T. Bakker, Z. Zhou, J. H. Ostrom. 2000. Remarkable new birdlike dinosaur (Theropoda: Maniraptora) from the Upper Cretaceous of Montana. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions 13:1-14
- ↑1 D. Trexler. 2001. Two Medicine Formation, Montana: geology and fauna. Mesozoic Vertebrate Life: New Research Inspired by the Paleontology of Philip J. Currie
- ↑1 J. Brandvold and F. G. Sweeney. 1996. Breakage and wear patterns in Campanian theropod teeth suggesting hammering to crush bones. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16(3, suppl.) (https://doi.org/23A)
- ↑1 2 K. Carpenter and K. Alf. 1994. Global distribution of dinosaur eggs, nests, and babies. Dinosaur Eggs and Babies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
- ↑1 2 P. J. Currie, D. Trexler, and E. B. Koppelhus, K. Wicks, N. Murphy. 2005. An unusual multi-individual bonebed in the Two Medicine Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) of Montana (USA). The Carnivorous Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, Bloomington
- ↑1 A. L. Titus, K. Knoll, and J. J. W. Sertich, D. Yamamura, C. A. Suarez, I. J. Glasspool, J. E. Ginouves, A. K. Lukacic, E. M. Roberts. 2021. Geology and taphonomy of a unique tyrannosaurid bonebed from the upper Campanian Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah: implications for tyrannosaurid gregariousness. PeerJ 9:e11013:1-50 (https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11013)
- ↑1 B. J. Chinnery. 2004. Description of Prenoceratops pieganensis gen. et sp. nov. (Dinosauria: Neoceratopsia) from the Two Medicine Formation of Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24(3):572-590 (https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0572:doppge]2.0.co;2)
- ↑1 M. J. Ryan, L. Micucci, and H. Rizo, C. Sullivan, Y.-N. Lee, D. C. Evans. 2023. A new Late Cretaceous leptoceratopsid (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) from the Oldman Formation (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada. Windows into Sauropsid and Synapsid Evolution: Essays in Honor of Prof. Louis L. Jacobs
- ↑1 P. Dodson. 1975. Taxonomic implications of relative growth in lambeosaurine dinosaurs. Systematic Zoology 24:37-54 (https://doi.org/10.2307/2412696)
- ↑1 A. Prieto-Márquez. 2010. Glishades ericksoni, a new hadrosauroid (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the Late Cretaceous of North America. Zootaxa 2452:1-17 (https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2452.1.1)
- ↑1 P. R. Bell and K. S. Brink. 2013. Kazaklambia convincens comb. nov., a primitive juvenile lambeosaurine from the Santonian of Kazakhstan. Cretaceous Research 45:265-274 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2013.05.003)
- ↑1 N. E. Campione, K. S. Brink, and E. A. Freedman, C. T. McGarrity, D. C. Evans. 2013. ‘Glishades ericksoni’, an indeterminate juvenile hadrosaurid from the Two Medicine Formation of Montana: implications for hadrosauroid diversity in the latest Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian) of western North America. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 93:65-75 (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-012-0097-1)
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- ↑1 2 T. A. Gates, J. R. Horner, and R. R. Hanna, C. R. Nelson. 2011. New unadorned hadrosaurine hadrosaurid (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda) from the Campanian of North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31(4):798-811 (https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2011.577854)
- ↑1 2 P. Penkalski. 2014. A new ankylosaurid from the late Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana, USA. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica (https://doi.org/10.4202/app.2012.0125)
- ↑1 M. T. Carrano. 2025. Taxonomic opinions on the Dinosauria.
- ↑1 J. S. McIntosh. 1981. Annotated catalogue of the dinosaurs (Reptilia, Archosauria) in the collections of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History 18:1-67 (https://doi.org/10.5962/p.228597)
- ↑1 M. T. Carrano. 2015. Fossil Vertebrate Collections, Carnegie Museum of Natural History
- ↑1 A. Prieto-Márquez. 2012. The skull and appendicular skeleton of Gryposaurus latidens, a saurolophine hadrosaurid(Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the early Campanian (Cretaceous) of Montana, USA. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 49(3):510-532 (https://doi.org/10.1139/E11-069)
- ↑1 2 W. P. Coombs. 1995. Ankylosaurian tail clubs of middle Campanian to early Maastrichtian age from western North America, with description of a tiny club from Alberta and discussion of tail orientation and tail club function. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 32:902-912 (https://doi.org/10.1139/e95-075)
- ↑1 2 K. S. Brink, D. K. Zelenitsky, and D. C. Evans, F. Therrien, J. R. Horner. 2011. A sub-adult skull of Hypacrosaurus stebingeri (Ornithischia: Lambeosaurinae): anatomy and comparison. Historical Biology 23(1):63-72 (https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2010.499169)
- ↑1 2 A. J. Martin and D. J. Varricchio. 2011. Paleoecological utility of insect trace fossils in dinosaur nesting sites of the Two Medicine Formation (Campanian), Choteau, Montana. Historical Biology 23(1):15-25 (https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2010.505285)
- ↑1 P. J. Currie, W. Langston, and D. H. Tanke. 2008. A new species of Pachyrhinosaurus (Dinosauria, Ceratopsidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. in A New Horned Dinosaur from an Upper Cretaceous Bone Bed in Alberta
