humérus

Holotype of Jian changmaensis (GSGM-D050), an articulated partial left pectoral girdle (scapulocoracoid) and forelimb (humerus, radius, and ulna). A, silhouette of generalized microraptorine dromaeosaurid theropod (courtesy Scott Hartman) showing skeletal elements preserved; B, photograph of specimen as preserved, exposed primarily in dorsomedial (scapulocoracoid), caudodorsal (humerus), and dorsal (radius and ulna) views; C, interpretive line drawing of B; D, detail photograph of scapulocoracoid and proximal end of humerus in caudodorsal view, showing supracoracoid fenestra and other structures; E, interpretive line drawing of D. Abbreviations: ac, acromion; bc, bicipital crest; C, coracoid; cr, caudal ridge; dep, dorsal epicondyle; dpc, deltopectoral crest; dr, dorsal ridge; ed, epicondylar depression; fs?, fossa for M. supinator?; H, humerus; hh, humeral head; lp, lateral process; ‘mb’, ‘medial bar’; op, olecranon process; R, radius; S, scapula; scb, scapular blade; scf, supracoracoid fenestra; sta, sternal articulation; U, ulna.

Holotype of Alcione elainus. Fig. 6 of: Longrich, N. R., Martill, D. M., & Andres, B. (2018). Late Maastrichtian pterosaurs from North Africa and mass extinction of Pterosauria at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. PLoS biology, 16(3), e2001663. --- Original figure legend: A. elainus FSAC-OB 2, holotype partial skeleton and FSAC-OB 217, metacarpal IV. (A) Holotype right humerus in anterior view, (B) holotype right ulna and radius in anterior view, respectively, (C) holotype sternum in left lateral view, (D) referred metacarpal IV, (E) holotype, distal end of left metacarpal IV and left scapulocoracoid, and (F) holotype right femur in posterior view. Abbreviations: co, coracoid; cr, cristospine; dc, distal condyle; dpc, deltopectoral crest; ect, ectepicondyle; fh, femoral head; gl, glenoid; gt, greater trochanter; hh, humeral head; hum, humerus; mcIV, metacarpal IV, pc, proximal cotyle; pf, pneumatic foramen; rad, radius; scpr, supracondylar process; ste, sternum; uln, ulna.

cast of Quetzalcoatlus northropi humerus 03 - Pterosaurs Flight in the Age of Dinosaurs

cast of Quetzalcoatlus northropi humerus 02 - Pterosaurs Flight in the Age of Dinosaurs

Cast of Quetzalcoatlus northropi humerus 01 - Pterosaurs Flight in the Age of Dinosaurs

Entire skeleton of Jidapterus edentus (RCPS-030366CY) preserved in a slab mostly in right lateral view. Abbreviations: aa, the atlas-axis complex; bo, basioccipital; br, braincase; cve, cervical vertebrae; cv3, the third cervical vertebra; cv8, the eighth cervical vertebra; ds, dentaries; dv, dorsal vertebra; dve, dorsal vertebrae; ep, epiphysis; j, jugal; lc, left carpus; lf, left femur; li, left ilium; lis, left ischium; lm, left manual digits; lp, left pubis; lpe, left pes; lpt, left pteroid; lr, left radius; lsc, left scapula-coracoid; lt, left tibia; lta, left tarsus; lu, left ulna; lwmc, left wing metacarpal; lwp1–4; left wing phalanges 1–4; p, pterygoid; pp, postacetabular process of the right ilium; q, quadrate; rc, right carpus; rh, right humerus; rf, right femur; rfi, right fibula; ribs, ribs; ris, right ischium; rm, right manual digits; rmcI, right metacarpal I; rp, right pubis; rpe, right pes; rpt, right pteroid; rr, right radius; rsc, right scapula-coracoid; rt, right tibia; ru, right ulna; rwmc, right wing metacarpal; rwp1–4, right wing phalanges 1–4; rostrum, rostrum; st, sternum; sv, sacral vertebra; sve, sacral vertebrae. Gray shaded areas bound by solid lines indicate preserved bones, dashed lines indicate bones with margins discerned by impression, and lack of lines indicate missing bone or displacement along cracks in the slab.

Entire skeleton of Jidapterus edentus (RCPS-030366CY) preserved in a slab mostly in right lateral view. Abbreviations: aa, the atlas-axis complex; bo, basioccipital; br, braincase; cve, cervical vertebrae; cv3, the third cervical vertebra; cv8, the eighth cervical vertebra; ds, dentaries; dv, dorsal vertebra; dve, dorsal vertebrae; ep, epiphysis; j, jugal; lc, left carpus; lf, left femur; li, left ilium; lis, left ischium; lm, left manual digits; lp, left pubis; lpe, left pes; lpt, left pteroid; lr, left radius; lsc, left scapula-coracoid; lt, left tibia; lta, left tarsus; lu, left ulna; lwmc, left wing metacarpal; lwp1–4; left wing phalanges 1–4; p, pterygoid; pp, postacetabular process of the right ilium; q, quadrate; rc, right carpus; rh, right humerus; rf, right femur; rfi, right fibula; ribs, ribs; ris, right ischium; rm, right manual digits; rmcI, right metacarpal I; rp, right pubis; rpe, right pes; rpt, right pteroid; rr, right radius; rsc, right scapula-coracoid; rt, right tibia; ru, right ulna; rwmc, right wing metacarpal; rwp1–4, right wing phalanges 1–4; rostrum, rostrum; st, sternum; sv, sacral vertebra; sve, sacral vertebrae. Gray shaded areas bound by solid lines indicate preserved bones, dashed lines indicate bones with margins discerned by impression, and lack of lines indicate missing bone or displacement along cracks in the slab.

Entire skeleton of Jidapterus edentus (RCPS-030366CY) preserved in a slab mostly in right lateral view. Abbreviations: aa, the atlas-axis complex; bo, basioccipital; br, braincase; cve, cervical vertebrae; cv3, the third cervical vertebra; cv8, the eighth cervical vertebra; ds, dentaries; dv, dorsal vertebra; dve, dorsal vertebrae; ep, epiphysis; j, jugal; lc, left carpus; lf, left femur; li, left ilium; lis, left ischium; lm, left manual digits; lp, left pubis; lpe, left pes; lpt, left pteroid; lr, left radius; lsc, left scapula-coracoid; lt, left tibia; lta, left tarsus; lu, left ulna; lwmc, left wing metacarpal; lwp1–4; left wing phalanges 1–4; p, pterygoid; pp, postacetabular process of the right ilium; q, quadrate; rc, right carpus; rh, right humerus; rf, right femur; rfi, right fibula; ribs, ribs; ris, right ischium; rm, right manual digits; rmcI, right metacarpal I; rp, right pubis; rpe, right pes; rpt, right pteroid; rr, right radius; rsc, right scapula-coracoid; rt, right tibia; ru, right ulna; rwmc, right wing metacarpal; rwp1–4, right wing phalanges 1–4; rostrum, rostrum; st, sternum; sv, sacral vertebra; sve, sacral vertebrae. Gray shaded areas bound by solid lines indicate preserved bones, dashed lines indicate bones with margins discerned by impression, and lack of lines indicate missing bone or displacement along cracks in the slab.

Representative taxa from the early Campanian Muthmannsdorf fauna from the Grünbach Formation, eastern Austria. A Doratodon carcharidens (Mesoeucrocodylia) mandible (PIUW 2349/57) in dorsal view (photo by Márton Rabi) B Indeterminate azhdarchid (Pterosauria, Azhdarchidae), left humerus (PIUW 2349/102) in anterior view C ‘Megalosaurus pannoniensis’ basal tetanuran (Theropoda, Tetanurae), tooth (PIUW uncatalogued) in lateral view D Mochlodon suessi (Ornithopoda, Rhabdodontidae), right dentary (holotype, PIUW 2349/2) in medial view. Scale bars equal 2 cm in A, B and D and 1 cm in C.

Plate XII(XIX). Fig. 1. Coelophysis bauri COPE. Sacrum, consisting of three vertebrae and last dorsal vertebra. COPE’s original. Triassic, New Mexico. Preserved in American Museum of Natural History, New York. Nat. size, from a cast in Tübingen. a, right lateral view; b, left lateral view; c, ventral view. Fig. 2. Thecodontosaurus skirtopodus SEELEY sp. Right humerus. Original in Vienna Hofmuseum (Coll. ADLER 1886). Upper Karroo, Cape Colony, South Africa. 1/2 nat. size, from a cast in Tübingen. Fig. 3. Same. Ditto. Proximal end of a right humerus in posterior view. 1/2 nat. size (the lateral part is missing). Fig. 4. Same. Ditto. Distal end of a left humerus in anterior view. 1/2 nat. size. Fig. 5. Same. Ditto. Distal end of a left femur in posterior view. 1/2 nat. size. Fig. 6. Same. Ditto. Proximal end of a left tibia, lateral view. 1/2 nat. size. Fig. 7. Thecodontosaurus browni SEELEY sp. Left femur in posterior view. SEELEY’s original. From the Stormberg Beds of the Telle River near Aliwal North, Cape Colony, South Africa. (From casts in the British Museum and Tübingen.) 1/2 nat. size. Fig. 8. Same. Ditto. Right femur, medial view.

Figure description from paper: "A Cast of BES SC 999, the holotype of Besanosaurus leptorhynchus and (B) interpretative drawing (modified from Dal Sasso & Pinna, 1996). Foetal remains are highlighted with green lines. a astragalus, c calcaneum, Cl clavicle, Co coracoid, Fe femur, Fi Fibula, H humerus, i intermedium, Il Ilium, Is Ischium, P pubis, p pisiform, R radius, r radiale, S scapula, T Tibia, U Ulna, u ulnare; 2, 3, and 4, distal carpals and tarsals; II, III, IV, and V, metacarpals and metatarsals. The apostrophe (‘) indicates left elements. Scale bar represents 50 cm"

Figure description from paper: "A Cast of BES SC 999, the holotype of Besanosaurus leptorhynchus and (B) interpretative drawing (modified from Dal Sasso & Pinna, 1996). Foetal remains are highlighted with green lines. a astragalus, c calcaneum, Cl clavicle, Co coracoid, Fe femur, Fi Fibula, H humerus, i intermedium, Il Ilium, Is Ischium, P pubis, p pisiform, R radius, r radiale, S scapula, T Tibia, U Ulna, u ulnare; 2, 3, and 4, distal carpals and tarsals; II, III, IV, and V, metacarpals and metatarsals. The apostrophe (‘) indicates left elements. Scale bar represents 50 cm"

Figure description from paper: "A Cast of BES SC 999, the holotype of Besanosaurus leptorhynchus and (B) interpretative drawing (modified from Dal Sasso & Pinna, 1996). Foetal remains are highlighted with green lines. a astragalus, c calcaneum, Cl clavicle, Co coracoid, Fe femur, Fi Fibula, H humerus, i intermedium, Il Ilium, Is Ischium, P pubis, p pisiform, R radius, r radiale, S scapula, T Tibia, U Ulna, u ulnare; 2, 3, and 4, distal carpals and tarsals; II, III, IV, and V, metacarpals and metatarsals. The apostrophe (‘) indicates left elements. Scale bar represents 50 cm"

Rendition of possible appearance of the dinosaur genus Nyasasaurus from the Middle Triassic, possibly the earliest known dinosaur. Black portions represent the partial skeletal fragments (a humerus and six vertebrae) from one specimen blue portions represent fragments from a second specimen (three cervical vertebrae) on which the current likely form of the animal is based.