humérus

Skeletal composite of the chilean titanosaur Atacamatitan chilensis. A fragmented sauropod known from the holotype SGO-PV-961, found in the Atacama Desert. The preserved elements consist of:[1] Right femur, the proximal end of a humerus, two dorsal vertebrae, posterior caudal vertebrae, dorsal ribs and a possibly fragmentary element of the sternum, other fragmented caudal vertebrae and indeterminate bones.[1] Due to the fragmented nature of the holotype, most cladistic analyzes exclude Atacamatitan. Nevertheless, in 2012, Rubilar-Rogers and Gutstein conducted a preliminary cladistic analysis which placed Atacamatitan within the Lithostrotia.[2] The original description lacks a lateral view for the humerus and femur, the lateral view for the humerus was based on Alamosaurus and Opisthocoelicaudia, since it shows resemblance with them. The lateral view of the femur is based on Mendozasaurus for the same reason. Color Key   Known   Unknown

Skeletal reconstruction and exemplar skeletal remains of Lingwulong shenqi. Silhouette showing preserved elements (a); middle cervical vertebra in left lateral (b) and anterior (c) views; anterior dorsal vertebra in left lateral (d) and anterior (e) views; posterior dorsal vertebra in lateral view (f); sacrum and ilium in left lateral view (g); anterior caudal vertebra in left lateral (h) and anterior (i) views; right scapulocoracoid in lateral view (j); right humerus in anterior view (k); left pubis in lateral view (l); right ischium in lateral (m) views; right femur in posterior view (n); and right tibia in lateral view (o). Abbreviations: ap, ambiens process; ar, acromial ridge; ip, iliac peduncle; naf, notch anterior to glenoid; np, neural spine; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; ppr, prezygapophyseal process ridge; prp, prezygapophysis; pvf, posteroventral fossa; slf, shallow lateral fossa; spol, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; wls, wing-like structure. Scale bars = 100 cm for a and 5 cm for b–o

Skeletal reconstruction of Dineobellator notohesperus gen. et sp. nov., SMP VP-2430, with known elements colored in white. Figured bones are as follows: fused distal caudal vertebra (A); middle caudal vertebra (B); caudal vertebra 1 (C); right femur (D); rib (E); right basipterygoid (F); left lacrimal (reversed) (G); right jugal (H); right humerus (I); right ulna (J); right metacarpal III (K); right manual ungual II (L); right metatarsal II (M); right metatarsal III. (N) Individual scale bars, 2 cm. Skeletal drawing based off work of Scott Hartman.

Skeletal reconstruction of Yuxisaurus kopchicki showing some of the main preserved elements from the holotype (highlighted in blue), with details of the skull bones (A), cervical vertebrae (B), dorsal vertebrae (C), left scapula (D), right humerus (E), and left femur (F). Scale bars equal 5 cm (A–C) or 10 cm (D–F). The facial region and distal scapula are mirrored. Osteoderms have been omitted for convenience.

New wing skeleton of Forfexopterus (SDUST-V1003) from Jiufotang Formation of Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota in Jianchang, western Liaoning, northeastern China. Abbreviations: ca, carpus; co, coracoid portion; hu, humerus; mc, metacarpals I–IV; mdI–III, manual digits I–III; pt, pteroid; ra, radius; sc, scapular portion; ul, ulna; wp1–4, wing phalanges 1–4.

MUHNCAL.20173, holotype specimen of Gondwananectes osvaldoi. A, quarry scheme of the recovered blocks (numbered 1–7). Blocks 1–3 preserve contact surfaces and they are arranged consistently. The position of blocks 4–7 is tentative due to the lack of contact surfaces, although it is based on the anatomical elements preserved. B, schematic diagram of the preserved anatomical elements in MUHNCAL.20173. Abbreviations: c1–c10, cervical centra/vertebrae; d1–d3, dorsal centra; d1na–d3na, neural arches of the d1–d3 dorsal centra; il, ilium fragment; in, indeterminate; lco, left coracoid, lcna, last cervical neural arch; lh, left humerus; lsc, left scapula (ventral process); p1–p2, pectoral centra; pd, posterior dorsal centrum; pna, pectoral neural arch; r, ribs; rh, right humerus (distal); rsc, right scapula (dorsal process). Scale bars represent 10 cm.

Lusotitan atalaiensis. Photographs of right humerus (proximal half) in (A) anterior (slightly oblique as a result of mounted position), (B) medial, (C) proximal, (D) lateral, and (E) posterior views. Abbreviations: dtp, deltopectoral crest; hh, humeral head. Scale bar = 200 mm.

Rukwatitan RRBP 07409 proximal humerus anterior view

Skeleton of Yamaceratops dorngobiensis (MPC-D 100/553) in right dorsolateral view. (A) Photograph; (B) Interpretive drawing. Bones are bounded by solid lines and colored beige; the matrix is gray. Shaded areas represent the broken surface of bones. Abbreviations: cd, caudal vertebrae; dr, dorsal ribs; dv, dorsal vertebrae; f, femur; fi, fibula; h, humerus; L, bone on the left side; p, isolated parietal; pp, pedal phalanges; R, bone on the right side; ra, radius; sk, skull; sv, sacral vertebrae; ti, tibia; u, ulna; il, ilium; is, ischium.

Eopteranodon lii holotype (BPV 078). (A) Counterpart; (B) main part. (C and D) Respective schematic drawings. Abbreviations: cv, cervical vertebra; co, coracoid; d1–d4, digits 1–4; fe, femur; fi, fibula; h, humerus; j, jugal; mand, mandible; mc, metacarpal; pmc, premaxillary crest; pe, pelvis; ph, phalanx; ti, tibia; ul, ulna; rad, radius. Scale bars: C, 50 mm; D, 10 mm.

The holotype humerus (bottom) and coracoid (top) of Texasetes pleurohalio (USNM PAL337987)

Cranial and postcranial sauropod remains from sediments of the Praia da Amoreira-Porto Novo Fm. of the coastal sector of Praia da Consolação-Lourinhã-Torres Vedras: 1-2, ?Turiasauria indet., heart-shaped tooth (SHN (JJS) 142, Praia da Corva) in lingual (1) and labial (2) views; 3-4, ?Macronaria indet., spatulate tooth (SHN 513, Porto Novo) in labial (3) and lingual (4) views; 5-6, Macronaria indet., compressed cone-chisel-shaped tooth (SHN 578, Valmitão) in lingual (5) and labial (6) views; 7-8, Eusauropoda indet., partial left maxilla (SHN 582, Praia dos Frades) in lateral (7) and posterior (8) views; 9, Titanosauriformes indet., posterior caudal vertebra (SHN 523, Praia da Corva) in right view; 10-12, Diplodocinae indet., partial skeleton (SHN (JJS) 177, Valmitão), anterior caudal neural spine in posterior view (10), anterior caudal centrum in right view (11) and left ischium in medial view (12); 13-16, holotype material of Zby atlanticus (ML 368, Vale de Pombas), right ungueal I in lateral view (13), right humerus in anterior view (14), right radius in posterior view (15), right ulna in lateral view (16); 17, Eusauropoda indet., partial distal forked-chevron (SHN 587, Praia da Corva) in medial view; 18, Sauropoda indet., pedal ungueal I (SHN 524, Praia de Pedrogãos) in lateral view; 19-22, Macronarian indet., partial skeleton (SHN 181, Valmitão), right astragalus in proximal view (19), anterior caudal vertebra in anterior view (20), right tibia in lateral view (21) and right fibula in medial view (22); 23-24, Eusauropoda indet., partial skeleton (SHN 530, Praia da Corva), anterior chevron in anterior view (23) and anterior caudal vertebra in posterior view (24); 25, cf. Duriatitan humerocristatus, humerus (MG 4976, Praia dos Frades) in anterior view; 26, Sauropoda indet., partial skeleton (SHN 534, Santa Rita), middle chevron in posterior view; 27, Diplodocidae indet., partial skeleton (SHN (JJS) 179, Praia Vermelha), dorsal/caudal (?) neural spine in posterior view; 28-30, holotype material of Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis (ML 414, Porto Dinheiro), proximal end of a dorsal rib in anterior view (28), anterior caudal neural spine in posterior view (29) and articulated dorsal vertebrae in right view (30). Black scale bar: 10 cm; Grey scale bar: 5 cm; Brown scale bar: 1 cm. See Anatomical abbreviations for abbreviations.

Mimodactylus libanensis gen. et sp. nov. (a) Photo and drawing of the complete specimen. (b) Close up of scapula and coracoid. (c) Detail of the wrist, showing the relation of the pteroid and the carpus. (d) Detail of the humerus. Scale-bars, a: 50 mm; b-d: 10 mm. Abbreviations. car: carpus; cdv: caudal vertebrae; cor: coracoid; cra: cranium; cs: cristospine; cv: cervical vertebrae; d: dentary; dcar: distal carpals; dpc: deltopectoral crest; dri: dorsal ribs; dv: dorsal vertebrae; fe: femur; hu: humerus; man: mandible; mcI-III: first to third metacarpals; mcIV: wing metacarpal; mtar: metatarsals; pcar: proximal carpals; ph1d4: first wing phalanx; ph2d4: second wing phalanx; ph3d4: third wing phalanx; ph4d4: fourth wing phalanx; ppu: prepubis; ptd: pteroid; ra: radius; sca: scapula; sri: sacral ribs; stp: sternal plate; sym: mandibular symphysis; tar: tarsus; te: teeth; ti: tibia; ul: ulna; the abbreviations ‘l’ and ‘r’ represents respectively left and right.

Mimodactylus libanensis gen. et sp. nov. (a) Photo and drawing of the complete specimen. (b) Close up of scapula and coracoid. (c) Detail of the wrist, showing the relation of the pteroid and the carpus. (d) Detail of the humerus. Scale-bars, a: 50 mm; b-d: 10 mm. Abbreviations. car: carpus; cdv: caudal vertebrae; cor: coracoid; cra: cranium; cs: cristospine; cv: cervical vertebrae; d: dentary; dcar: distal carpals; dpc: deltopectoral crest; dri: dorsal ribs; dv: dorsal vertebrae; fe: femur; hu: humerus; man: mandible; mcI-III: first to third metacarpals; mcIV: wing metacarpal; mtar: metatarsals; pcar: proximal carpals; ph1d4: first wing phalanx; ph2d4: second wing phalanx; ph3d4: third wing phalanx; ph4d4: fourth wing phalanx; ppu: prepubis; ptd: pteroid; ra: radius; sca: scapula; sri: sacral ribs; stp: sternal plate; sym: mandibular symphysis; tar: tarsus; te: teeth; ti: tibia; ul: ulna; the abbreviations ‘l’ and ‘r’ represents respectively left and right.

Janenschia humerus, radius and ulna at the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin.

T. regalis FSAC-OB 1, holotype left humerus. In (A), ventral view, (B) dorsal view, (C) anterior view, (D) distal view, and (E) proximal view. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; ect, ectepicondyle; ent, entepicondyle; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; pf, pneumatic fossa/foramen; scpr, supracondylar process; uc, ulnar crest; ut, ulnar tubercle.