Theropoda

*Row 1: Sinosauropteryx prima, Cryolophosaurus ellioti, Vultur gryphus Row 2: Gypaetus barbatus, Concavenator corcovatus, Carnotaurus sastrei Row 3: Deinocheirus mirificus & Tarbosaurus bataar, Balaeniceps rex, Archaeopteryx lithographica & Compsognathus longipes Row 4: Anchiornis huxleyi, Dakotaraptor steini & Ornithomimus, Nanuqsaurus hoglundi, Passer domesticus Row 5: Spinosaurus aegyptiacus, Bubo scandiacus & Anas rubripes, Coelophysis kayentakatae

screenshot pagina wikipedia Theropoda#Cladogramma

Cladogram of amniotes. Based on File:Cladogram Amniota A.jpg

Cladogram of the former "Reptilia" (red)

This diagram illustrates how scientists believe the dinosaur group theropoda shall be classed in a phylogenetic tree, besides Sauropoda and Pterosauria. The main reason of this diagram is to show groups or families which had respiratory system like birds. AS in the diagram is abbreviations for "Airsacs", and ASW means "AirSacs supported by immobile femur and a knee-driven Walk". BL means "Bellow lungs". Airsacs are known in many different theropods, as well as in birds, which most scientists believe are descendants of dinosaurus. Air sacs are found in the primitive Tawa hallae,[1] the abelisaurid Majungasaurus,[2] as well as Allosauroids like Aerosteon.[3] There is also evidence for respiratory systems like penguinss in Deinonychosaurians.[4] The primitive bird Archaeopteryx also had airsacs (Bonde and Christiansen, 2000). It is very likely that Deinonychosaurians had airsacs. We don't know whether Deinonychosauria had a walking/breathing system with immobile thighbones, ASW (like birds) or movable thighbones. However, some people suggsest coeluosaurs had the same type of leg movement as birds ("kneedriven walking").[5] Bellow lungs are lungs like our own, which alternately is filled with air, and thereafter emptied, after which you take a new breath. This type of lungs exist in mammals, most reptiles, and most amphibians (although some frogs get their oxygen through the skin). There is no evidence for airsacs in Ornithischia, so the likely had bellow lungs. References.= ↑ (see the video at http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/tawa/) ↑ (Claessens & O'connor, 2006). ↑ Alcober O.A, Sereno P.C, Larsson H.C.E et.al (2008), "Evidence for Avian Intrathoracic Air Sacs in a New Predatory Dinosaur from Argentina", Public Library of Science Journals. ↑ http://www.stumbleupon.com/su/20q5Z4/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7081166.stm ↑ http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/G104/lectures/104coelur.html.

Illustration of a juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex. Most of this restoration is mostly inspired from the models of 1-year old Tyrannosaurus from the exhibition "T.rex: The Ultimate Predator" at American Museum of Natural History, New York (2019-2021).[1] [2] and the juvenile Tarbosaurus MPC-D 107/7 (2-3 years old at death).[3] References ↑ [1] ↑ [2] ↑ Tsuihiji T et.al (2011). "Cranial osteology of a juvenile specimen of Tarbosaurus bataar (Theropoda, Tyrannosauridae) from the Nemegt Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Bugin Tsav, Mongolia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31(3): p. 497-517

Carnotaurus exhibit in Bonn

Carnotaurus exhibit in Bonn

Carnotaurus exhibit in Bonn

Carnotaurus exhibit in Bonn

Reconstructed skull of Duriavenator hesperis showing known material (white) of the holotype and only known specimen. Unknown bones based on related Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis. Scale bar is 10cm, image is 10px/cm. Cranial anatomy based on Benson (2008) "A redescription of "Megalosaurus" hesperis (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Inferior Oolite (Bajocian, Middle Jurassic) of Dorset, United Kingdom"

Reconstruceted skull of Dubreuillosaurus illustrating known (white) and unknown (grey) material. Scale bar is 10cm. Based of figures and description of Allain (2002) "Discovery of megalosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) in the middle Bathonian of Normandy (France) and its implications for the phylogeny of basal Tetanurae"

Pneumatoraptor fodori (Theropoda, Paraves), left scapulocoracoid (holotype, MTM V 2008.38.1.) in lateral view.

Illustration of Sinusonasus (Dinosauria, Theropoda, Coelurosauria, Deinonychosauria, Troodontidae). This restoration is an edited and updated version of a drawing I originally uploaded on Wikimedia at December 11th 2009 (which i turn is based on a fossil seen at http://site.sinodino.com/Museum/images/Sinusonasus.JPG.).

Forearm and hand of Machairasaurus leptorhynchos Longrich et al. 2010 (Dinosauria: Theropoda: Oviraptoridae: Ingeniinae) from the Late Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation beds of Bayan Mandahu, Inner Mongolia, China. Digital photography and editing by Nick Longrich

(A) A phylogenetic principal-component analysis (PCA) represents the projection of the Dinosauria supertree (STAR Methods) into a PCA of climatic variables. PC1 axis shows strong positive correlation with maximum temperature ([temp max), low positive correlation with precipitation seasonality ( precip season), strong negative correlation with minimum temperature (Ytemp min), and strong negative correlation with minimum precipitation (Yprecip min). PC2 axis shows strong positive correlation with minimum temperature ([temp min) and negative correlation with precipitation seasonality (Yprecip season). Shadows around points highlight the relative density in the principal compo- nent space of non-dinosaurian Dinosauromorpha (gray), Ornithischia (blue), Sauropodomorpha (green), and Theropoda (red). (B) Lower left plot shows 95% confidence interval convex hulls for each dinosauromorph subclade. Blue thermometer (top left corner) symbolizes the direction of the vector in the PC space region for cold temper- atures; yellow thermometer (top right corner) indicates the direction of the vector in PC space for warm tem- peratures; brown shrub (top right corner) depicts dry conditions, while the same with a gray, rainy cloud (mid, lower side of the graph) illustrates seasonal conditions. Silhouettes represent the following taxa (clockwise from the higher left corner): Minmi, Edmontosaurus, Pachyrhinosaurus, Tyrannosaurus, Asilisaurus, Graci- liceratops, Harpymimus, Altirhinus, Gobititan, Suz- housaurus, Marasuchus, Pampadromaeus, Herrer- asaurus, Vulcanodon, Diplodocus, Giraffatitan, Coelophysis, Dromomeron, Gondwanatitan, Tapuiasaurus, Anchisaurus, Siamotyrannus, Diodorus, Suchomimus, Phuwiangosaurus, Ouranosaurus, Irritator, Tangvayosaurus, Nanshiungosaurus, Aeolosaurus, Rebbachisaurus, Chuxiongosaurus, Tethyshadros, Koreanosaurus. Genyodectes, Mapusaurus, Vegavis, Goyocephale, and Rhoetosaurus.