écaille

Skeleton of Gondwanatitan faustoi (MN 4111-V), not to scale.(adapted from Kellner and Campos, 2000).

Paludititan nalatzensis (UBB NVM1-43), Maastrichtian, Haţeg Basin, Romania. Scale bar equals 10 cm.

Sarahsaurus aurifontanalis, referred skull (MCZ 8893), in (a) lateral, (b) occipital, (c) dorsal and (d) ventral views. an, angular; ar, articular; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; ec, ectopterygoid; f, frontal; h, hyoid; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; ls, laterosphenoid; m, maxilla; n, nasal; op, opisthotic-exoccipital; p, parietal; po, postorbital; prf, prefrontal; pm, premaxilla; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal. Scale bar, 5 cm.

Cimoliopterus cuvieri. Holotype NHMUK PV 39409 (Cenomanian / Turonian, Chalk Formation), anterior part of the rostrum A right lateral view B respective line drawing C ventral view D respective line drawing. Abbreviations: m – maxillae, pm – premaxillae, pmcr – premaxillary crest, prid – palatal ridge. Arrows and numbers indicate alveoli or teeth and their respective position. Scale bar = 10 mm. Photos courtesy of The Natural History Museum.

Camposipterus nasutus comb. n. Holotype CAMSM B 54556 (Albian, Cambridge Greensand), anterior part of the rostrum A left lateral view B respective line drawing C ventral view D respective line drawing. Abbreviations: m – maxillae, pm – premaxillae, prid – palatal ridge. Arrows and numbers indicate alveoli or teeth and their respective position. Scale bar = 10 mm.

Skeletal restoration of Byronosaurus jaffei. Scale bar = 10cm

Specimens of Galleonosaurus dorisae n. gen. n. sp. from the Flat Rocks Sandstone in the upper Barremian, Wonthaggi Formation, Gippsland Basin, southeastern Australia: (1–2) holotype (NMV P229196), left maxilla in lateral (1) and medial (2) views; (3) NMV P208178, left maxilla in lateral view; (4) NMV P212845, left maxilla in lateral view; (5) NMV P209977, left maxilla in lateral view; (6) NMV P186440, left maxilla in lateral view; (7) NMV 208113, right maxillary tooth in labial view. Scale bars = 10 mm (1–6); 1 mm (7).

Dorsal vertebra (IVPP V156AI) of Sanpasaurus. (A) Anterior view; (B) posterior view; (C) dorsal view; (D) left lateral view; (E) right lateral view. Abbreviations: cdf, centrodiapophyseal fossa; cpol, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; lar, lateral ridge; ms, midline septum; pp, parapophyses; prpl, prezygoparapophyseal lamina; prz, prezygapophyses; tprl, intraprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars equal 5 cm. Photographs by B.W.M. and C.S.overbite.

Photograph of a holotype (AMNH FARB 5764) vertebra of the sauropod Amphicoelias (Cope, 1878). A is the anterior view; B is the right lateral view; C is the posterior view; D is the left lateral view; E is the ventral view (with anterior surface toward the top). Blue polygon in C obscures hand used to brace the fragile vertebra for photography. Scale bar equals 10 centimetres. Abbreviations: acpl, anterior centroparapophyseal lamina; cpol, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; cprl, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; d, diapophysis; hs, hyposphene; lspol, lateral spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; mspol, medial spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; p, parapophysis; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pcpl, posterior centroparapophyseal lamina; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; prsl, prespinal lamina; spdl, spinodiapophyseal lamina; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; tpol, interpostzygapophyseal lamina.

Figure 4: Savannasaurus elliottorum gen. et sp. nov., holotype specimen AODF 660. (a–e) Dorsal vertebrae (left lateral view). (f) Sacrum (ventral view). (g,h) Caudal vertebrae (left lateral view). (i) Left coracoid (lateral view). (j) Right sternal plate (ventral view). (k) Left radius (posterior view). (l) Right metacarpal III (anterior view). (m) Left astragalus (anterior view). (n) Coossified right and left pubes (anterior view). A number of ribs were preserved but have been omitted for clarity. Scale bar = 500 mm. [N.b.: the right sternal plate is misidentified [1] and is actually a left sternal plate.]

Early Triassic marine vertebrate apex predators during the Griesbachian to Smithian interval (left) and the Spathian to Anisian interval (right). Predators not exactly to scale; see text and Tables S1–S2 for details on body size and stratigraphic occurrence. Marine vertebrate apex predators: 1, Wantzosaurus (trematosaurid ‘amphibian’); 2, Fadenia (eugeneodontiform chondrichthyan); 3, Saurichthys (actinopterygian ambush predator); 4, Rebellatrix (fork-tailed actinistian); 5, Hovasaurus (‘younginiform’ diapsid reptile); 6, Birgeria (fast-swimming predatory actinopterygian); 7, Aphaneramma (trematosaurid ‘amphibian’); 8, Bobasatrania (durophagous actinopterygian); 9, hybodontoid chondrichthyan with durophagous (e.g. Acrodus, Palaeobates) or tearing-type dentition (e.g. Hybodus); 10, e.g., Mylacanthus (durophagous actinistian); 11, Tanystropheus (protorosaurian reptile); 12, Corosaurus (sauropterygian reptile); 13, e.g., Ticinepomis (actinistian); 14, Mixosaurus (small ichthyosaur); 15, large cymbospondylid/shastasaurid ichthyosaur; 16, neoselachian chondrichthyan; 17, Omphalosaurus skeleton (possible durophagous ichthyosaur); 18, Placodus (durophagous sauropterygian reptile).

Early Triassic marine vertebrate apex predators during the Griesbachian to Smithian interval (left) and the Spathian to Anisian interval (right). Predators not exactly to scale; see text and Tables S1–S2 for details on body size and stratigraphic occurrence. Marine vertebrate apex predators: 1, Wantzosaurus (trematosaurid ‘amphibian’); 2, Fadenia (eugeneodontiform chondrichthyan); 3, Saurichthys (actinopterygian ambush predator); 4, Rebellatrix (fork-tailed actinistian); 5, Hovasaurus (‘younginiform’ diapsid reptile); 6, Birgeria (fast-swimming predatory actinopterygian); 7, Aphaneramma (trematosaurid ‘amphibian’); 8, Bobasatrania (durophagous actinopterygian); 9, hybodontoid chondrichthyan with durophagous (e.g. Acrodus, Palaeobates) or tearing-type dentition (e.g. Hybodus); 10, e.g., Mylacanthus (durophagous actinistian); 11, Tanystropheus (protorosaurian reptile); 12, Corosaurus (sauropterygian reptile); 13, e.g., Ticinepomis (actinistian); 14, Mixosaurus (small ichthyosaur); 15, large cymbospondylid/shastasaurid ichthyosaur; 16, neoselachian chondrichthyan; 17, Omphalosaurus skeleton (possible durophagous ichthyosaur); 18, Placodus (durophagous sauropterygian reptile).

Kronosaurus queenslandicus (QM F18827; proposed neotype [part]) skull in dorsal view (modified from McHenry Citation2009). Scale = 30 cm.

Azhdarcho sp., ZIN PH 56/43, distal fragment of a right ulna in proximal (a), ventral (b), posterior (c), dorsal (d), anterior (e), and distal (f, stereopair) views. This specimen is from the Tyulkili locality in the northeastern Aral Sea region of Kazakhstan; Zhirkindek Formation, Upper Cretaceous (upper Turonian – Coniacian). Abbreviations: das, dorsal articulation surface; ft, groove for flexor tendon; tub, tuberculum; vf, ventral fovea. Scale bar is 10 mm.

The probable azhdarchid trace fossil Haenamichnus uhangriensis. A, the 7.3 m trackway CNUPH.P9; B, H. uhangriensis holotype (CNUPH.P2), manus (top) and pes (bottom) prints. Scale bars represent 1 m (A) and 100 mm (B).

Illustration of the holotype frontal bone of Albertavenator curriei TMP 1993.105.0001 in dorsal view. Scale bar is 5mm.