Dinosauria

Saltasaurus (which means "lizard from Salta") was a sauropod dinosaur of the Late Cretaceous Period. Relatively small among sauropods, though still massive by human standards, it was characterized by a diplodocid-like head

Saltasaurus (which means "lizard from Salta") was a sauropod dinosaur of the Late Cretaceous Period. Relatively small among sauropods, though still massive by human standards, it was characterized by a diplodocid-like head

Saltasaurus (which means "lizard from Salta") was a sauropod dinosaur of the Late Cretaceous Period. Relatively small among sauropods, though still massive by human standards, it was characterized by a diplodocid-like head

Map of the localities in the Bauru Basin where the sauropod dinosaurs were collected.

(A) A phylogenetic principal-component analysis (PCA) represents the projection of the Dinosauria supertree (STAR Methods) into a PCA of climatic variables. PC1 axis shows strong positive correlation with maximum temperature ([temp max), low positive correlation with precipitation seasonality ( precip season), strong negative correlation with minimum temperature (Ytemp min), and strong negative correlation with minimum precipitation (Yprecip min). PC2 axis shows strong positive correlation with minimum temperature ([temp min) and negative correlation with precipitation seasonality (Yprecip season). Shadows around points highlight the relative density in the principal compo- nent space of non-dinosaurian Dinosauromorpha (gray), Ornithischia (blue), Sauropodomorpha (green), and Theropoda (red). (B) Lower left plot shows 95% confidence interval convex hulls for each dinosauromorph subclade. Blue thermometer (top left corner) symbolizes the direction of the vector in the PC space region for cold temper- atures; yellow thermometer (top right corner) indicates the direction of the vector in PC space for warm tem- peratures; brown shrub (top right corner) depicts dry conditions, while the same with a gray, rainy cloud (mid, lower side of the graph) illustrates seasonal conditions. Silhouettes represent the following taxa (clockwise from the higher left corner): Minmi, Edmontosaurus, Pachyrhinosaurus, Tyrannosaurus, Asilisaurus, Graci- liceratops, Harpymimus, Altirhinus, Gobititan, Suz- housaurus, Marasuchus, Pampadromaeus, Herrer- asaurus, Vulcanodon, Diplodocus, Giraffatitan, Coelophysis, Dromomeron, Gondwanatitan, Tapuiasaurus, Anchisaurus, Siamotyrannus, Diodorus, Suchomimus, Phuwiangosaurus, Ouranosaurus, Irritator, Tangvayosaurus, Nanshiungosaurus, Aeolosaurus, Rebbachisaurus, Chuxiongosaurus, Tethyshadros, Koreanosaurus. Genyodectes, Mapusaurus, Vegavis, Goyocephale, and Rhoetosaurus.

Simplified cladogram of Iguanodontia, drawn by me, based on Norman 2004 ("Basal Iguanodontia" in The Dinosauria 2nd Edition).

Herbivorous dinosaur found in the Al-khoudh area. This dinosaur is similar to the Zalmoxes and Rhabdodon dinosaurs. The skeleton in the Bait Al Baranda Museum was assembled from bones borrowed from several museums.

Locality map for Australian eurypodan thyreophoran fossils. 1, Stegosaurian? footprint (QM F5701), Walloon Coal Measures, Balgowan Colliery, Balgowan (Bajocian–Bathonian); 2, Minmi paravertebra holotype (QM F10329) (Molnar, 1980), Minmi Member, Bungil Formation (Valanginian–Barremian); 3, Thyreophoran trackways, Broome Sandstone, Dampier Peninsula, Western Australia (Valanginian–Barremian); 4, Ankylosauria indet. (see Barrett et al., 2010) ‘Flat Rocks’ Wonthaggi Formation (upper Hauterivian–Albian); 5, NMV P216739, ‘Lake Copco–Dinosaur Cove’ Eumeralla Formation (middle upper Aptian to lower middle Albian) (Barrett et al., 2010); 6, QM F33286; 7, AM F119849 and AM F35259; 8, Kunbarrasaurus ieversi gen. et sp. nov. (formerly Minmi sp.) (QM F18101); 9, QM F33565 and QM F33566; 10, QM F44324-28. Legend: Dark Green, Toolebuc Formation (late middle–early late Albian); Green, Allaru Formation (upper Albian–(?)lower Cenomanian); Light green, Mackunda Formation (upper Albian–lower Cenomanian); Lightest green, Winton Formation (late Albian–early Turonian).

Original figure caption: .mw-parser-output .smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}The Middletown Slab covered with the Footprints of Carnivorous Dinosaurs. The tracks are in high relief. Additional notes: Most if not all of these tridactylous (i.e. three-toed) footprints/tracks (but not the actual trackmaker!) are referred to as Grallator or as Grallator-type trace fossils. “High relief” means that these are actually casts of footprints forming a positive relief on the lower surface of the sandstone slab (so-called positive hyporelief). The material that originally formed the mud over which the dinosaurs walked was too friable to be recovered from the quarry in one piece. The slab consists of so called ‘brownstone’ which is the trading name of the sandstone quarried at Middletown, Connecticut. This sandstone belongs to the Lower Jurassic Portland Formation of the Hartford Basin (“Connecticut Valley”) and thus to the upper part of the Newark Supergroup. The trackmakers probably were relatively small ‘primitive’ theropod dinosaurs (coelophysoids) such as Podokesaurus the remains of which were recovered from Lower Jurassic deposits of the Hartford Basin.

Title: Dinosaur hunting in western Canada Identifier: dinosaurhuntingi00russ (find matches) Year: 1966 (1960s) Authors: Russell, Loris Shano, 1904-; Royal Ontario Museum Subjects: Dinosaurs; Paleontology Publisher: (Toronto : Printed at the University of Toronto Press) Contributing Library: ROM - University of Toronto Digitizing Sponsor: University of Toronto View Book Page: Book Viewer About This Book: Catalog Entry View All Images: All Images From Book Click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book. Text Appearing Before Image: This season of 1921 George Sternberg became the first dinosaur col- lector on the Red Deer River to have his work recorded in motion pictures. This happened by a curious error. The Dominion Motion Picture Bureau, predecessor of the National Film Board of Canada, had decided to make a short motion picture based on the work being done by the Geological Survey of Canada in the collecting and displaying of Canadian dinosaurs. The camera party sent to Alberta was naturally supposed to visit the Geological Survey party under Charles M. Sternberg, but local directions sent them to the camp of George Sternberg. So this excellent little film records field work by the University of Alberta party and preparation being done at the National Museum of Canada in Ottawa. That winter George Sternberg continued the preparation of the speci- mens obtained during the two preceding field seasons, but in the spring he resigned to accept a position with the Field Museum of Natural History of Chicago, under Elmer S. Riggs. The summer of 1922 was the last time that the eldest of the Sternberg sons worked on the Red Deer River, his collec- tion going to Chicago. However, he returned to Edmonton for several months in 1935, to complete the preparation of the collection that he brought together in 1920 and 1921. When George Sternberg left the Geological Survey of Canada in 1918, the only one of the four Sternbergs remaining at Ottawa was Charles Mortram Sternberg, the second son of C. H. Sternberg. Actually, Charles had his first independent expedition to the Red Deer badlands in 1917, C. M. Sternberg ami G. E. Lindblad working on the skull of a horned dinosaur (Centrasaurus sp.), Oldman formation, Red Deer River, 1917. N.M.C., No. 39994. Text Appearing After Image: 22 Note About Images Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.

Locality map: Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, southern Utah. Map showing locality (indicated by star) of Nasutoceratops titusi holotype UMNH VP 16800, recovered from the Kaiparowits Formation of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument (GSENM). GSENM is bounded by the red rectangle and silhouetted in dark gray on the inset of Utah and surrounding states (modified from [1]). The original map has been modified to show Nasutoceratops instead of Machairoceratops as in the original source. New location based on map in Ceratopsid Dinosaurs from the Grand Staircase of Southern Utah, page 489.

Locality map: Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, southern Utah. Map showing locality (indicated by star) of Kosmoceratops richardsoni holotype UMNH VP 17000 and assigned subadult UMNH VP 16878, recovered from the Kaiparowits Formation of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument (GSENM). GSENM is bounded by the red rectangle and silhouetted in dark gray on the inset of Utah and surrounding states (modified from [1]). The original map has been modified to show Kosmoceratops instead of Machairoceratops as in the original source. New location based on map in Ceratopsid Dinosaurs from the Grand Staircase of Southern Utah, page 489.

Psittacosaurus skeletal mount (Early Cretaceous, Jiufotang Formation) and unidentified Late Cretaceous dinosaur egg from Xixia, Hennan, on display in the Li Siguang Memorial Museum in Huangzhou.

Detail of the stratigraphic section of the El Castellar dinosaur footprints site, Teruel, Spain.

Eubrontes dinosaur track from the Jurassic of Connecticut, USA. Trace fossils are any indirect evidence of ancient life. They refer to features in rocks that do not represent parts of the body of a once-living organism. Traces include footprints, tracks, trails, burrows, borings, and bitemarks. Body fossils provide information about the morphology of ancient organisms, while trace fossils provide information about the behavior of ancient life forms. Interpreting trace fossils and determination of the identity of a trace maker can be straightforward (for example, a dinosaur footprint represents walking behavior) or not. Sediments that have trace fossils are said to be bioturbated. Burrowed textures in sedimentary rocks are referred to as bioturbation. Trace fossils have scientific names assigned to them, in the same style & manner as living organisms or body fossils. This track was made by a theropod, a group of small to large, carnivorous, bipedal dinosaurs. The specimen comes from a Triassic to Jurassic terrestrial sedimentary succession that filled up a half graben, many of which occur along America's eastern seaboard. Such half-graben basins formed during the Triassic as the Pangaea supercontinent tried to rift apart, but failed. Pangaea successfully broke apart during the Jurassic. Stratigraphy: East Berlin Formation, Newark Supergroup, Lower Jurassic Locality: unrecorded / undisclosed site at or near the town of Rocky Hill, central Connecticut, USA Info. at: mrdata.usgs.gov/geology/state/sgmc-unit.php?unit=CTJeb%3B0 and en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eubrontes

Morrison Formation (lower half), Jurassic-Cretacous boundary (K1 Unconformity) at red and orange paleosol, Cedar Mountain Formation (drab gray), and capping Naturita Formation. West of Dinosaur National Monument.