Maastrichtian

aff. Quetzalcoatlus, cervical vertebra (FSAC-OB 14). In (A), dorsal view, (B) ventral view; (C), left lateral view, and (D), anterior view. Abbreviations: dlr = dorsolateral ridge; hyp = hypapophysis; nsp = neural spine; pex = postexapophysis; poz = postzygapophysis; prz = prezygapophysis; pzl = prezygapophyseal laminae; vfo = ventral fossa, Maastrichtian, Ouled Abdoun basin, Morocco

Rendering of CT scan segmentation of Xenodens calminechari, MHNM.KHG.331 (holotype), left maxilla; Sidi Chennane, Oulad Abdoun Basin, Morocco; Phosphates, Upper Couche III, uppermost Maastrichtian. (A), lateral view; (B), dorsal view; (C), medial view; (D), ventral view; (E), anterior view. Scale = 50 mm.

Stelladens, teeth of S. mysteriosus (MHNM.KHG.1436, holotype), in (a,f) labial view, (b,g) lingual view, (c,h) anterior view, (d,i) posterior view, (e,j) occlusal view. Abbreviations: ac = accessory carinae; ca = anterior carina, pc = posterior carina. Scale = 5 cm. Sidi Chennane, Oulad Abdoun Basin, Morocco, Lower Couche III, Maastrichtian.

The European troodontid Tamarro insperatus (MCD-7073) gen. et sp. nov. from the uppermost Maastrichtian of the Tremp Group, Tremp Basin, Southern Pyrenees. Photographic and interpretative ilustrations of the right second metatarsal in anterior (A-A’), lateral (B-B’), posterior (C–C’), medial (D-D’), and distal (F-F’) views. Scheme illustrating the gradual transition of the articular surface–grey arrow–for the accommodation of the metatarsal III (E). Detail of the distal end of the metatarsal II in anterior view showing the anterior contact surface of the metatarsal III (G). Detail of the articular surface of the metatarsal IV in the posterodistal part of the second metatarsal (H) ant anterior; f foramen; lat lateral; lc medial condyle; mc, lateral condyle; II–III contact between the second and third metatarsals; II–IV contact between the second and fourth metatarsals; plr plantar ridge; s sulcus.

Plate 53. Borogovia gracilicrus gen. et sp. n. 1. Fragmentary right pes, in: a dorsal, b ventral, views; ZPAL MgD-11174, holotype, X 0.5. 2. Phalanx 11-1 of the left pes, medial view; same specimen, X 1. 3. Ungual of left second pedal digit, ventral view; same specimen, X 1. 4. Phalanx 111-3 of the left pes, lateral view; same specimen, X 1. 5. Phalanges IV-1 to IV-4 of the left pes, lateral view; same specimen, X 1. 6. Distal portion of right metatarsal 111, posterior view; same specimen, X 1. 7. Distal portion of left metatarsal IV, medial view; same specimen, X 1. 8. Distal portion of left metatarsal 11, lateral view; same specimen, X 1. 9. Right tibiotarsus, a distal portion and b proximal portion with fragment of the fibula attached, posterior views, c distal portion, anterior view, d distal portion, lateral view; same specimen, X 0.5. Nemegt Formation, ?Late Campanian or ?Early Maastrichtian, Ultan Ula IV, Nemegt Basin, Gobi Desert, Mongolia

Mandible in Bagaraatan ostromi gen. et sp. n. from the mid-Maastrichtian Nemegt Formation at Nemegt, Mongolia. A-B. Reconstruction on left mandible in lateral and medial views. Left dentary in dorsal view. D-E. Posterior part of left mandible in dorsal and posterior views. F. Cross-section through dentary at the end of preserved fragment.

Holotype maxilla of the lambeosaurine hadrosaurid Ajnabia odysseus from the Late Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian) of Sidi Chennane, Morocco

Dentary of the hadrosauroid dinosaur Fylax thyrakolasus gen. et sp. nov. (IPS-36338, holotype) from the uppermost Maastrichtian Fontllonga-R locality; in posterior (A1), medial (A2), dorsal (A4), anterior (A5), lateral (A6), and ventral (A7) views. A detailed lingual view of the tooth crowns appears in A3.

Phosphatotitan khouribgaensis, holotype, MHNM.KHG.888; Sidi Chennane, Oulad Abdoun Basin, Khouribga Province, Morocco; Phosphates, lower Couche III, late Maastrichtian. Dorsal vertebra in (A) anterior view; and (B) lateral view. Abbreviations: acpl, anterior centroparapophyseal lamina; cen, centrum; con, condyle; lpl, lamina dividing pleurocoels; nec, neural canal; nsp, neural spine; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pcpl, posterior centroparapophyseal lamina; pl1, primary pleurocoel; pl2, secondary pleurocoel; prcdf, prezygocentrodiapophyseal fossa; pre, prezygapophyses; tp, transverse process.

This file represents a possible life appearance of the Indian Titanosaurian Sauropod dinosaur Jainosaurus septentrionalis from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of India, belonging to the Lameta Formation. References used: Huene & Matley (1933) Hunt et al. (1995) Gunnar Bivens' skeletal diagram Wilson et al. (2008) "Reassessment of Sauropod Dinosaur Jainosaurus (="Antarctosaurus") Septentrionalis from the Upper Cretaceous of India"

Globidens aegyptiacus Zdansky, 1934 - Ouled Abdoun, Khouribgha Province, Chaouia-Ouardigha Region, Morocco - Maastrichtian, Cretaceous (≈ -70,6 MA ± ≈ 0,6 MA)

Globidens aegyptiacus Zdansky, 1934 - Ouled Abdoun, Khouribgha Province, Chaouia-Ouardigha Region, Morocco - Maastrichtian, Cretaceous (≈ -70,6 MA ± ≈ 0,6 MA)

The Maastrichtian, Transylvanian giant azhdarchid pterosaur Hatzegopteryx sp. preys on the rhabdodontid iguanodontian Zalmoxes. Because large predatory theropods are unknown on Late Cretaceous Haţeg Island, giant azhdarchids may have played a key role as terrestrial predators in this community.

Representative taxa from the latest Campanian–Maastrichtian faunas from Transylvania, western Romania. A–B Nidophis insularis (Serpentes, Madtsoiidae), articulated vertebrae (LPB (FGGUB) v.547/2) in left lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views (Densuş-Ciula Formation, Tuştea, Haţeg Basin; photo by Ştefan Vasile) C Allodaposuchus precedens (Eusuchia, ?Hylaeochampsidae), skull (PSMUBB V 438) in dorsal view (Sebeş = Şard Formation, Oarda de Jos, southwestern Transylvanian Basin; photo by Vlad Codrea/Massimo Delfino) D Theriosuchus sympiestodon (Mesoeucrocodylia, Atoposauridae), right maxilla (MCDRD 793) in lateral view (Sînpetru Formation, Sînpetru, Haţeg Basin) E–F Indeterminate titanosaur (?Magyarosaurus dacus) (Sauropoda, Titanosauria), isolated osteoderm (LPB (FGGUB) R.1410) in dorsal (E) and lateral (F) views (Sînpetru Formation, Sînpetru, Haţeg Basin) G Indeterminate ornithuran bird (Aves, Ornithurae), incomplete left tibiotarsus (LPB (FGGUB) R.1902) in anterior view (Densuş-Ciula Formation, Vălioara, Haţeg Basin) H Balaur bondoc (Theropoda, Dromaeosauridae), articulated left distal hindlimb (EME PV.313) in lateral view (Sebeş = Şard Formation, Sebeş-Glod, southewestern Transylvanian Basin; photo by Mick Ellison) I Zalmoxes robustus (Ornithopoda, Rhabdodontidae), right dentary (NHMUK R.3407) in medial view (Sînpetru Formation, Sînpetru, Haţeg Basin) J Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus (Hadrosauria), right maxilla (MFGI unnumbered) in lateral view (Sînpetru Formation, Sînpetru, Haţeg Basin) K Indeterminate nodosaurid – Struthiosaurus transylvanicus or new taxon – (Ankylosauria, Nodosauridae), isolated tooth (LPB (FGGUB) R.2182) in medial view (Sînpetru Formation, Sînpetru, Haţeg Basin) L Barbatodon transylvanicus (Multituberculata, Kogaionidae), right maxilla (LPB (FGGUB) M.1635) in medial view (Sînpetru Formation, Pui, Haţeg Basin). Scale bars equal 1 mm in A, B; 5 mm in K; 1 cm in G, L; 2 cm in D; and 5 cm in C, E, F, H, I, J.

World map showing Late Cretaceous metatherian locales. Europe 1. Font-de-Benon quarry, Archingeay-Les Nouillers (Cenomanian, Late Cretaceous), Charente-Maritime, southwestern France (Vullo et al. 2009) 2. Valkenburg Member, Maastricht Formation (late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous), southern Limburg, The Netherlands (Martin et al. 2005) Asia 3. Yixian Formation, China (Barremian, Early Cretaceous) 4. Bissekty Formation, Kyzylkum Desert, Uzbekistan (Turonian, Late Cretaceous) 5. Darbasa Formation, southern Kazakhstan (Campanian, Late Cretaceous) 6. Grey Mesa locality (Averianov 1997) 7. Barun Goyot Formation, Umuni Gobi, Mongolia (Campanian, Late Cretaceous) 8. Nemegt Formation, Omnogov, Mongolia (Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous) 9. Djadokhta Formation, Mongolia (Campanian, Late Cretaceous) North America Alaska 9. Prince Creek Formation, Alaska (early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous) Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada 10. Milk River Formation, southern Alberta, Canada (late Santonian, Late Cretaceous) 11. Oldman Formation, southern Alberta, Canada (Campanian, Late Cretaceous) 12. Dinosaur Park Formation, southern Alberta, Canada (late Campanian, Late Cretaceous) 13. Horseshoe Canyon Formation, southern Alberta, Canada (early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous) 14. St. Mary River Formation, Alberta and northwestern Montana (early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous) 15. Scollard Formation, Alberta (late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous) 16. Frenchman Formation, Saskatchewan (late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous) Montana and North Dakota 17. Judith River Formation (late Campanian, Late Cretaceous) 18. Two Medicine Formation (late Campanian, Late Cretaceous) 19. Hell Creek Formation, Montana and North Dakota (late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous) South Dakota 20. Fox Hills Formation, South Dakota (late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous) 21. Hell Creek Formation, South Dakota (late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous) Wyoming 22. “Mesa Verde Formation” (late Campanian, Late Cretaceous) 23. Lance Formation, Wyoming (late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous) 24. Ferris Formation, Wyoming (late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous) Utah 25. Cedar Mountain Formation (Albian-Cenomanian) 26. Dakota Formation fauna (late Cenomanian, Late Cretaceous) 27. Smoky Hollow Member, Straight Cliffs Formation (Turonian, Late Cretaceous) 28. John Henry Member, Straight Cliffs Formation (Coniacian-Santonian, Late Cretaceous) 29. Wahweap Formation (early-middle Campanian, Late Cretaceous) 30. Kaiparowits Formation (late Campanian, Late Cretaceous) 31. Iron Springs Formation fauna, southern Utah (Turonian – Santonian, Late Cretaceous) 32. North Horn Formation, Utah (late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous) Colorado 33. Williams Fork Formation, Colorado (late Campanian-early Maastrichtian) 34. Laramie Formation, northeastern Colorado (late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous) Baja California Del Norte, Mexico 35. El Gallo Formation (late Campanian, Late Cretaceous) (Clemens 1980; Lillegraven 1972; Lillegraven 1976) New Mexico 36. Fruitland and lower Kirtland Formation, San Juan Basin (late Campanian, Late Cretaceous) 37. Naashoibito Member, Kirtland Formation, New Mexico (late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous) Oklahoma 38. Antlers Formation, Texas and Oklahoma (Aptian-Albian, Early Cretaceous) Texas 39. Aguja Formation, West Texas (late Campanian, Late Cretaceous) New Jersey 40. Marshalltown Formation, New Jersey (Campanian, Late Cretaceous) Szalay 1994)

World map showing Late Cretaceous metatherian locales. Europe 1. Font-de-Benon quarry, Archingeay-Les Nouillers (Cenomanian, Late Cretaceous), Charente-Maritime, southwestern France (Vullo et al. 2009) 2. Valkenburg Member, Maastricht Formation (late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous), southern Limburg, The Netherlands (Martin et al. 2005) Asia 3. Yixian Formation, China (Barremian, Early Cretaceous) 4. Bissekty Formation, Kyzylkum Desert, Uzbekistan (Turonian, Late Cretaceous) 5. Darbasa Formation, southern Kazakhstan (Campanian, Late Cretaceous) 6. Grey Mesa locality (Averianov 1997) 7. Barun Goyot Formation, Umuni Gobi, Mongolia (Campanian, Late Cretaceous) 8. Nemegt Formation, Omnogov, Mongolia (Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous) 9. Djadokhta Formation, Mongolia (Campanian, Late Cretaceous) North America Alaska 9. Prince Creek Formation, Alaska (early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous) Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada 10. Milk River Formation, southern Alberta, Canada (late Santonian, Late Cretaceous) 11. Oldman Formation, southern Alberta, Canada (Campanian, Late Cretaceous) 12. Dinosaur Park Formation, southern Alberta, Canada (late Campanian, Late Cretaceous) 13. Horseshoe Canyon Formation, southern Alberta, Canada (early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous) 14. St. Mary River Formation, Alberta and northwestern Montana (early Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous) 15. Scollard Formation, Alberta (late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous) 16. Frenchman Formation, Saskatchewan (late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous) Montana and North Dakota 17. Judith River Formation (late Campanian, Late Cretaceous) 18. Two Medicine Formation (late Campanian, Late Cretaceous) 19. Hell Creek Formation, Montana and North Dakota (late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous) South Dakota 20. Fox Hills Formation, South Dakota (late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous) 21. Hell Creek Formation, South Dakota (late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous) Wyoming 22. “Mesa Verde Formation” (late Campanian, Late Cretaceous) 23. Lance Formation, Wyoming (late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous) 24. Ferris Formation, Wyoming (late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous) Utah 25. Cedar Mountain Formation (Albian-Cenomanian) 26. Dakota Formation fauna (late Cenomanian, Late Cretaceous) 27. Smoky Hollow Member, Straight Cliffs Formation (Turonian, Late Cretaceous) 28. John Henry Member, Straight Cliffs Formation (Coniacian-Santonian, Late Cretaceous) 29. Wahweap Formation (early-middle Campanian, Late Cretaceous) 30. Kaiparowits Formation (late Campanian, Late Cretaceous) 31. Iron Springs Formation fauna, southern Utah (Turonian – Santonian, Late Cretaceous) 32. North Horn Formation, Utah (late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous) Colorado 33. Williams Fork Formation, Colorado (late Campanian-early Maastrichtian) 34. Laramie Formation, northeastern Colorado (late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous) Baja California Del Norte, Mexico 35. El Gallo Formation (late Campanian, Late Cretaceous) (Clemens 1980; Lillegraven 1972; Lillegraven 1976) New Mexico 36. Fruitland and lower Kirtland Formation, San Juan Basin (late Campanian, Late Cretaceous) 37. Naashoibito Member, Kirtland Formation, New Mexico (late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous) Oklahoma 38. Antlers Formation, Texas and Oklahoma (Aptian-Albian, Early Cretaceous) Texas 39. Aguja Formation, West Texas (late Campanian, Late Cretaceous) New Jersey 40. Marshalltown Formation, New Jersey (Campanian, Late Cretaceous) Szalay 1994)