os

Skeleton of Yamaceratops dorngobiensis (MPC-D 100/553) in right dorsolateral view. (A) Photograph; (B) Interpretive drawing. Bones are bounded by solid lines and colored beige; the matrix is gray. Shaded areas represent the broken surface of bones. Abbreviations: cd, caudal vertebrae; dr, dorsal ribs; dv, dorsal vertebrae; f, femur; fi, fibula; h, humerus; L, bone on the left side; p, isolated parietal; pp, pedal phalanges; R, bone on the right side; ra, radius; sk, skull; sv, sacral vertebrae; ti, tibia; u, ulna; il, ilium; is, ischium.

Alvarezsauroid theropod Linhenykus monodactylus Xu, Sullivan, Pittman, Choiniere, Hone, Upchurch, Tan, Xiao, Tan, and Han, 2011a, Bayan Mandahu (“Gate Locality”), Late Cretaceous (Campanian), holo−type (IVPP V17608). Skeletal silhouette showing preserved bones (missing portions shown in grey).

Figure 1, 1a. Outer and oral aspects of the imperfect dentary bone of Sarcolestes Leedsi, from the Oxford Clay of Peterborough. 2/3 nat size. s = symphysis. Figure 1b. A single tooth of the former. 3/1 nat size. Figure 2, 2a. Outer aspect and quadratic cavity of the hinder region of the same jaw. 2/3 nat size. Figure 3. A single tooth of Priodontognathus Phillipsi, 3/1 nat size, shown for purposes of comparison. Specimen in the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge.

Entire skeleton of Jidapterus edentus (RCPS-030366CY) preserved in a slab mostly in right lateral view. Abbreviations: aa, the atlas-axis complex; bo, basioccipital; br, braincase; cve, cervical vertebrae; cv3, the third cervical vertebra; cv8, the eighth cervical vertebra; ds, dentaries; dv, dorsal vertebra; dve, dorsal vertebrae; ep, epiphysis; j, jugal; lc, left carpus; lf, left femur; li, left ilium; lis, left ischium; lm, left manual digits; lp, left pubis; lpe, left pes; lpt, left pteroid; lr, left radius; lsc, left scapula-coracoid; lt, left tibia; lta, left tarsus; lu, left ulna; lwmc, left wing metacarpal; lwp1–4; left wing phalanges 1–4; p, pterygoid; pp, postacetabular process of the right ilium; q, quadrate; rc, right carpus; rh, right humerus; rf, right femur; rfi, right fibula; ribs, ribs; ris, right ischium; rm, right manual digits; rmcI, right metacarpal I; rp, right pubis; rpe, right pes; rpt, right pteroid; rr, right radius; rsc, right scapula-coracoid; rt, right tibia; ru, right ulna; rwmc, right wing metacarpal; rwp1–4, right wing phalanges 1–4; rostrum, rostrum; st, sternum; sv, sacral vertebra; sve, sacral vertebrae. Gray shaded areas bound by solid lines indicate preserved bones, dashed lines indicate bones with margins discerned by impression, and lack of lines indicate missing bone or displacement along cracks in the slab.

Mounted replica of a composite skeleton of Edmontosaurus annectens on display at the University of Oxford Museum, Oxford, England. The original skeleton is compiled from disarticulated fossil bones from a bonebed of the Hell Creek Formation, exposed in the Ruth Mason Quarry in Harding County, South Dakota. It is 8.5 m (28 ft.) long and the skull is almost 1 m (39 in.) in length.[1][2] ↑ Dinosaurs in the Museum. Oxford University Museum of Natural History (brochure, PDF), p. 7 ↑ BHI Fossil Replica Catalog 2012. Black Hills Institute of Geological Research, Inc., Hill City, SD, 2012 (PDF), p. 22

An Ankylosaurus head (cast of specimen AMNH 5214), on display at the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, Montana. This is from a specimen collected in Custer County, Montana. The Ankylosauria were armored dinosaurs that lived from 122 million years ago to 66 million years ago in western North America, Europe, and East Asia. There were two subgroups: The Nodosauridae and Ankylosauridae. The Ankylosauridae contained six species, and a single subfamily -- the Ankylosaurinae. There 18 genus within the subfamily, of which Ankylosaurus is the best known. Ankylosaurus as the last of these, and lived 65.5 to 66.5 million years ago. Ankylosaurus was about 20.5 feet long, 5 feet wide, and 5.5 feet tall at the hip. It walked on all fours, with the rear legs longer than the front ones. They ripped vegetation, and swallowed it whole. Their defining feature was their armor. They body was covered in thick, heavy bony plates, and most of the plates were fused together to make them even stronger. Embedded in the skin were more knobs of bone, and the outer skin above these knobs covered in keratin (the same stuff fingernails are made of). Ankylosaurus had a tail club, which consisted of several large osteoderms fused to the last few tail vertebrae. Ankylosaurus was discovered in 1908.

Figure 32: Right metatarsi of selected ornithopods in proximal view. A–R: (A) Diluvicursor pickeringi; (B) NMV P186047; (C) Morrosaurus antarcticus; (D) Gasparinisaura cincosaltensis; (E) Anabisetia saldiviai; (F) Kangnasaurus coetzeei; (G) Eousdryosaurus nanohallucis; (H) Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki; (I) Dryosaurus altus; (J) Changchunsaurus parvus; (K) Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis; (L) Hypsilophodon foxii; (M) Tenontosaurus tilletti; (N) Cumnoria prestwichii; (O) Muttaburrasaurus langdoni; (P) Talenkauen santacrucensis; (Q) Parksosaurus warreni; and (R) Thescelosaurus assiniboiensis. Metatarsi normalised for dorsoplantar depth of metatarsal II (shaded black). Dashed lines indicate uncertain bone margins. ?, indicates location of uncertain/expected/missing metatarsal. Abbreviation: mt #, metatarsal position. For data sources, see Table S1.

Reconstructed skeleton of a megaraptoran highlighting the known bones of Joaquinraptor casali in blue. Reconstruction by TK Robinson and Andrew McAfee. Scale bar=1 m.

Astigmasaura is a medium-sized rebbachisaurid sauropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous period of what is now Argentina. Rebbachisaurids had highly pneumatized bones that helped them to hold their weight on their four pillar-like legs, and extremely long tails. Astigmasaura was likely a ground-level browsing herbivore.

Rebbachisaurids are the latest known sauropod dinosaurs outside the titanosaur lineage. Cienciargentina is a rebbachisaurid from the Late Cretaceous, making it among the most recent. It had many hollow bones, and likely had batteries of teeth used for chewing, a rebbachisaurid feature unique among sauropods.

Identifier: annalsofmedicalh01pack (find matches) Title: Annals of medical history Year: 1917 (1910s) Authors: Packard, Francis R. (Francis Randolph), 1870-1950 Subjects: Medicine Publisher: New York P.B. Hoeber Contributing Library: Gerstein - University of Toronto Digitizing Sponsor: University of Toronto View Book Page: Book Viewer About This Book: Catalog Entry View All Images: All Images From Book Click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book. Text Appearing Before Image: ail strongly Hexed, and the toescontracted and appressed. The whole atti-tude strongly suggests a spastic distress,possibly brought on by some form ofpoisoning of the central nervous system,from infection or the deglutition of somepoisonous substance. 14. Osteomalacia is evidently the causeof the hypertrophy of the bones of Lim-nocyron potens, an early carnivore from theWashakie Eocene of Wyoming, nearly3,000,000 years old. MATERIALS AND METHODS The material described in the presentpaper has been loaned the writer lor de-scription by the Field Museum of Chii Osborn: Hull. Amcr. \lus. Natl. Hist., 1917,vol. 35. !>• 733. P>- 28. Studies in Paleopathology 393 by the American Museum of Natural His-tory of New York City, by Walker Museumof the University of Chicago, and by the Uni-versity of Kansas Natural History Museum. made by the well-known petrographic meth-ods so common in all geological labora-tories. The diagnoses, where they are at-tempted, arc made from comparisons of the Text Appearing After Image: Fig. 20. The skeleton of Strutbiomimus altus, a small dinosaur from the BeliyRiver series (Cretaceous), Red Deer River, Alberta, Canada, now regarded as ofapproximately the same age as the Judith River series. The unique feature ofthe skull is the total absence of teeth, with a size of skull one-third larger thanthe ostrich and a length of body of about fifteen feet. The position of the skeletonis decidedly that of the opisthotonos which may be regarded as an indication ofdisease. (After Osborn). A beautiful specimen of an osteoma, theonly one known so far, on the vertebra of aKansas Cretaceous mosasaur, was given thewriter by Dr. J. M. Armstrong of St. Paul.The writer expresses his obligations to thegentlemen connected with the above-men-tioned institutions and to Dr. Armstrong.The methods used are a combination ofprocedures in the various lines involved.Microscopic sections, which can be madethin enough for immersion lens study, are material with similar lesions in recent hu-man mat Note About Images Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.

Skeletal composite of the chilean titanosaur Atacamatitan chilensis. A fragmented sauropod known from the holotype SGO-PV-961, found in the Atacama Desert. The preserved elements consist of:[1] Right femur, the proximal end of a humerus, two dorsal vertebrae, posterior caudal vertebrae, dorsal ribs and a possibly fragmentary element of the sternum, other fragmented caudal vertebrae and indeterminate bones.[1] Due to the fragmented nature of the holotype, most cladistic analyzes exclude Atacamatitan. Nevertheless, in 2012, Rubilar-Rogers and Gutstein conducted a preliminary cladistic analysis which placed Atacamatitan within the Lithostrotia.[2] The original description lacks a lateral view for the humerus and femur, the lateral view for the humerus was based on Alamosaurus and Opisthocoelicaudia, since it shows resemblance with them. The lateral view of the femur is based on Mendozasaurus for the same reason. Color Key   Known   Unknown

A skull reconstruction and cranial bones from Shaochilong maortuensis, a small-bodied mid Cretaceous (Turonian) carcharodontosauri-an theropod from Inner Mongolia, China. A, skull reconstruction (courtesy of Brett Booth); B, right maxilla in lateral view (IVPP V.2885.4); C, braincase and skull roof in dorsal view (IVPP V.2885.1-2). Scale bars equal 5 centimeters.

Dinosaur National Monument is a United States National Monument located on the southeast flank of the Uinta Mountains on the border between Colorado and Utah at the confluence of the Green and Yampa Rivers. Although most of the monument area is in Moffat County, Colorado, the Dinosaur Quarry is located in Utah just to the north of the town of Jensen, Utah. The nearest communities are Jensen, Utah, and Dinosaur, Colorado. The park contains over 800 paleontological sites and has fossils of dinosaurs including Allosaurus, Deinonychus, Abydosaurus (a nearly complete skull, lower jaws and first four neck vertebrae of the specimen DINO 16488 found here at the base of the Mussentuchit Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation is the holotype for the description) and various long-neck, long-tail sauropods. It was declared a National Monument on October 4, 1915. The rock layer enclosing the fossils is a sandstone and conglomerate bed of alluvial or river bed origin known as the Morrison Formation from the Jurassic Period some 150 million years old. The dinosaurs and other ancient animals were carried by the river system which eventually entombed their remains in Utah. The pile of sediments were later buried and lithified into solid rock. The layers of rock were later uplifted and tilted to their present angle by the mountain building forces that formed the Uintas during the Laramide orogeny. The relentless forces of erosion exposed the layers at the surface to be found by paleontologists. The dinosaur fossil beds (bone beds) were discovered in 1909 by Earl Douglass, a paleontologist working and collecting for the Carnegie Museum of Natural History. He and his crews excavated thousands of fossils and shipped them back to the museum in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for study and display. President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed the dinosaur beds as Dinosaur National Monument in 1915. The monument boundaries were expanded in 1938 from the original 80-acre (320,000 m2) tract surrounding the dinosaur quarry in Utah, to its present extent of over 200,000 acres (800 km²) in Utah and Colorado, encompassing the spectacular river canyons of the Green and Yampa. Though lesser-known than the fossil beds, the petroglyphs in Dinosaur National Monument are another treasure the monument holds. Due to problems with vandals, many of the sites are not listed on area maps. The "Wall of Bones" located within the Dinosaur Quarry building in the park consists of a steeply tilted (67° from horizontal) rock layer which contains hundreds of dinosaur fossils. The enclosing rock has been chipped away to reveal the fossil bones intact for public viewing. In July 2006, the Quarry Visitor Center was closed due to structural problems that since 1957 had plagued the building because it was built on unstable clay. The decision was made to build a new facility elsewhere in the monument to house the visitor center and administrative functions, making it easier to resolve the structural problems of the quarry building while still retaining a portion of the historic Mission 66 era exhibit hall. It was announced in April 2009 that Dinosaur National Monument would receive $13.1 million to refurbish and reopen the gallery as part of the Obama administration's $750 billion stimulus plan. The Park Service successfully rebuilt the Quarry Exhibit Hall, supporting its weight on 70-foot steel micropile columns that extend to the bedrock below the unstable clay. The Dinosaur Quarry was reopened in Fall 2011. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur_National_Monument en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...

Close-up of the traumatic lesion observed in the right squamosal bone of Big John, a fossilized specimen of the dinosaur species Triceratops horridus. This image shows plaque-like deposition of reactive bone (white arrows) and lytic lesions (black arrows) on the surface around the lesion. These suggest that the lesion was surrounded by newly-formed bone and, therefore, had started to heal. This image was originally published as Figure 1c in the following journal article: Ruggero D’Anastasio, Jacopo Cilli, Flavio Bacchia, Federico Fanti, Giacomo Gobbo & Luigi Capasso (2022) Histological and chemical diagnosis of a combat lesion in Triceratops Scientific Reports, 12, 3941 (2022). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08033-2 This article was published with the following license: "This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/." Figure 1c is published without a credit line and, therefore, falls under the article's CC BY 4.0 licence.

Remake of the original picture of the Drzewica Formation. Terrestrial environment of the Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary of Fennoscandinavia Inland environment of the Bornholm Coast, nearby the German realm of the Ciechocinek Formation. Includes Ciechocinek Formation (Lower Toarcian, Bones) and Drzwica Formation (Latest Pliensbachian, Footprints) Fauna Sorthat Formation environment, fluvial influenced mainland with Cheirolepidaceae and Bennetitales as dominant flora Dinosaurs are based on material found on various locations of Northern Germany, and Footprints of the underliying Drzewica Formation at the Holy Cross Mountains, connected with Bornholm at the time. Dinosaur Species appeared: Megalosauripus isp. Large Footprints (+65 cm) found on the Drzewica Formation. There is a dorsal vertebrae on the German Margin of the Ciechocinek Formation assigend to Megalosauria (Huene, 1966). Gravisauria spp. representing the Grimmen Sauropod reported on 2014, as a taxon related with Tazoudasaurus. Barapasaurus-like footprints are know from the Drzewica Formation. Coelophysoidea spp. based on coeval Anchisauripus tracks from the Holy Cross Mountains. Basal Ornithischan, related to Eocursor, based on a crouching trace (Gerard Dariusz Gierlinski, Martin G. Lockley, Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki:2009). Massospondylidae spp. based on Otozum-like tracks.