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Reconstruction of anteroposterior movement of the mandible during the chewing stroke in Infernogallus jamesi. Three-dimensional models of the skull and mandible showing potential mandible positions based on contact of the articular and quadrate, and resulting adductor musculature orientations. From rest (a), contraction of the m. depressor mandibulae would open the mouth (b). Contraction of the the mm. pterygoideus in this position would move the mandible forwards (c). This anterior movement would increase the anteroposterior orientations of the temporal adductor musculature (see also Supplementary Fig. 7a–c). Contraction of the temporal adductor muscles in this position would bring the mandible upwards and backwards (c). This movement would enable manipulation and compression of foods between the triturating features of the dentary and the maxillovomeral process of the palate (d). Blue arrows and text indicate inferred motions, black text indicates muscle groups contracting. M depressor mandibulae could not be reconstructed based on the areas exposed in ROM VP 65050, but it has deeply conserved attachments on the posterior process of the squamosal and retroarticular process of the mandible in archosaurs 5 . In positions (c, d), the m depressor mandibulae would rest medial to the quadratojugal.

Infernogallus jamesi (ROM VP 65050). Photograph (a) and line drawing (b) of ROM VP 65050. c Skeletal reconstruction of Infernogallus jamesi based on ROM VP 65050 and other eucaenagnathines (shaded areas are preserved in ROM 65050). (d) Palaeohistological thin section of the femur of ROM VP 65050, showing lines of arrested growth (arrows) and an external fundamental system indicative of advanced age and skeletal maturity. cv cervical vertebrae, dv dorsal vertebrae, efs external fundamental system, fe femur, ga gastralia, hu humerus, il ilium, ma manus, pb pubis, pp plane-polarised light, sc scapulacoracoid, sk skull, tb tibia, xp cross-polarised light. Scale bars as indicated.

Cranial anatomy of Infernogallus jamesi. Photograph (a) and line drawing (b) of the skull of ROM VP 65050 in left lateral view. (c) µCT reconstruction of the skull and mandible, with each bone segmented separately (colours) and retrodeformed (see “Methods”). (d) µCT reconstruction with the mandible removed to show the palatal bones, which protrude ventrally below the cheek margin and the mandibular articulation point of the quadrate. (e) idealised reconstruction of the skull and mandible as they would have appeared in life, showing distinctive reduction of infratemporal fenestra (blue arrow), and rearrangement of pterygoid musculature (orange line) compared to archetypal oviraptorid Citipati osmolskae (f). Dotted blue lines in (e, f) outline internal features obscured by overlying mandibles. bo basioccipital, ect ectopterygoid, fr frontal, j jugal, lac lacrimal, lts laterosphenoid, mvp maxillovomeral process, mPTv pterygoideus ventralismuscle, mx maxilla, p parietal, pal palatine, pbs parabasiphenoid, pmx premaxilla, po postorbital, pt pterygoid, q quadrate, qj quadratojugal, sq squamosal, v vomer. Scale bar as indicated.

Cranial anatomy of Infernogallus jamesi. Photograph (a) and line drawing (b) of the skull of ROM VP 65050 in left lateral view. (c) µCT reconstruction of the skull and mandible, with each bone segmented separately (colours) and retrodeformed (see “Methods”). (d) µCT reconstruction with the mandible removed to show the palatal bones, which protrude ventrally below the cheek margin and the mandibular articulation point of the quadrate. (e) idealised reconstruction of the skull and mandible as they would have appeared in life, showing distinctive reduction of infratemporal fenestra (blue arrow), and rearrangement of pterygoid musculature (orange line) compared to archetypal oviraptorid Citipati osmolskae (f). Dotted blue lines in (e, f) outline internal features obscured by overlying mandibles. bo basioccipital, ect ectopterygoid, fr frontal, j jugal, lac lacrimal, lts laterosphenoid, mvp maxillovomeral process, mPTv pterygoideus ventralismuscle, mx maxilla, p parietal, pal palatine, pbs parabasiphenoid, pmx premaxilla, po postorbital, pt pterygoid, q quadrate, qj quadratojugal, sq squamosal, v vomer. Scale bar as indicated.

(e) idealised reconstruction of the skull and mandible as they would have appeared in life, showing distinctive reduction of infratemporal fenestra (blue arrow), and rearrangement of pterygoid musculature (orange line) compared to archetypal oviraptorid Citipati osmolskae (f). Dotted blue lines in (e, f) outline internal features obscured by overlying mandibles. mvp maxillovomeral process, mPTv pterygoideus ventralismuscle, pt pterygoid

Infernogallus jamesi (ROM VP 65050). Photograph (a) and line drawing (b) of ROM VP 65050. c Skeletal reconstruction of Infernogallus jamesi based on ROM VP 65050 and other eucaenagnathines (shaded areas are preserved in ROM 65050). (d) Palaeohistological thin section of the femur of ROM VP 65050, showing lines of arrested growth (arrows) and an external fundamental system indicative of advanced age and skeletal maturity. cv cervical vertebrae, dv dorsal vertebrae, efs external fundamental system, fe femur, ga gastralia, hu humerus, il ilium, ma manus, pb pubis, pp plane-polarised light, sc scapulacoracoid, sk skull, tb tibia, xp cross-polarised light. Scale bars as indicated.

Restoration of the spinosaurid dinosaur Siamosaurus in the Sao Khua Formation palaeoenvironment, with Sunosuchus in the middle left and a herd of Phuwiangosaurus in the background. References: Siamosaurus based on tooth specimens [1] and the neural spine of a possibly referable skeleton[2], with other missing elements filled in with relatives (Suchomimus[3], Baryonyx[4], IchthyovenatorFile:Ichthyovenator_laosensis_skeletal_reconstruction_by_PaleoGeek.png). Phuwiangosaurus based on skeletal by Suteethorn et al. (2009)[5] and missing elements of skull of EuhelopusFile:Euhelopus.png. Sunosuchus based on Suteethorn and Ingavat (1983)[6] and missing elements based on Goniopholis[7].

The skull of Janusaurus lundi (PMO 222.654). A: Photo in right lateral view of the skull. B: Right lateral view with interpretation of the individual elements. Abbreviations: a, angular; art, articular; d, dentary; en, external naris; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; or, orbit; p, parietal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; prf, prefrontal; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; st, supratemporal. Scale = 5 cm.

Balaenognathus maeuseri gen. et sp. nov.: comparative interpretive drawings of the skulls of suspension feeding ctenochasmatoid pterosaurs in dorsal aspect. Balaenognathus this paper; Pterodaustro based on Bonaparte (1978); Plateleorhynchus based on Howse and Milner (1995); Gnathosaurus based on specimen JME-SOS 4580; Ctenochasma based on (2007 Fig. 2F)

Identifier: annalsofmedicalh01pack (find matches) Title: Annals of medical history Year: 1917 (1910s) Authors: Packard, Francis R. (Francis Randolph), 1870-1950 Subjects: Medicine Publisher: New York P.B. Hoeber Contributing Library: Gerstein - University of Toronto Digitizing Sponsor: University of Toronto View Book Page: Book Viewer About This Book: Catalog Entry View All Images: All Images From Book Click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book. Text Appearing Before Image: ail strongly Hexed, and the toescontracted and appressed. The whole atti-tude strongly suggests a spastic distress,possibly brought on by some form ofpoisoning of the central nervous system,from infection or the deglutition of somepoisonous substance. 14. Osteomalacia is evidently the causeof the hypertrophy of the bones of Lim-nocyron potens, an early carnivore from theWashakie Eocene of Wyoming, nearly3,000,000 years old. MATERIALS AND METHODS The material described in the presentpaper has been loaned the writer lor de-scription by the Field Museum of Chii Osborn: Hull. Amcr. \lus. Natl. Hist., 1917,vol. 35. !>• 733. P>- 28. Studies in Paleopathology 393 by the American Museum of Natural His-tory of New York City, by Walker Museumof the University of Chicago, and by the Uni-versity of Kansas Natural History Museum. made by the well-known petrographic meth-ods so common in all geological labora-tories. The diagnoses, where they are at-tempted, arc made from comparisons of the Text Appearing After Image: Fig. 20. The skeleton of Strutbiomimus altus, a small dinosaur from the BeliyRiver series (Cretaceous), Red Deer River, Alberta, Canada, now regarded as ofapproximately the same age as the Judith River series. The unique feature ofthe skull is the total absence of teeth, with a size of skull one-third larger thanthe ostrich and a length of body of about fifteen feet. The position of the skeletonis decidedly that of the opisthotonos which may be regarded as an indication ofdisease. (After Osborn). A beautiful specimen of an osteoma, theonly one known so far, on the vertebra of aKansas Cretaceous mosasaur, was given thewriter by Dr. J. M. Armstrong of St. Paul.The writer expresses his obligations to thegentlemen connected with the above-men-tioned institutions and to Dr. Armstrong.The methods used are a combination ofprocedures in the various lines involved.Microscopic sections, which can be madethin enough for immersion lens study, are material with similar lesions in recent hu-man mat Note About Images Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.

The holotype and only known specimen of the hauffiopterygian leptonectid, Xiphodracon goldencapensis (ROM VP52596) from Golden Cap, between Charmouth and Seatown, Dorset, UK. The skeleton is exposed in ventrolateral view. The skull has been fully prepared free of matrix whereas most of the skeleton is still in matrix. The left (upper) forefin has been prepared so that it is three-dimensionally preserved and projects upwards. Scale bar represents 20 cm.

Holotype skull (SMG V0003) of Jinbeisaurus wangi at the National Natural History Museum of China.

Reconstructions of diplodocoid skulls used in this analysis. Reconstructions of Nigersaurus and Diplodocus modified from [10] and [34], respectively. All other reconstructions based on material listed in Table S1. Skulls scaled to equivalent anteroposterior lengths.

IVPP V20291, a skull referred to Atopodentatus unicus (Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Beijing, China). Photo credit: Wei Wang.

a Skeletal reconstruction of A. greppini. Elements preserved in the material and therefore providing information for the skeletal reconstruction are marked in blue. Because much information is missing from the incomplete skeletal material, the dorsal vertebrae, the proportions and morphology of the cervical vertebrae and the skull were modified from Camarasaurus. b Scaled silhouette drawings of Cetiosauriscus stewarti (in black) and A. greppini (in grey) demonstrating the significant size difference between the two taxa. Scale bar is 1 m

The palatal view of the skull of NMS G.2021.6.2 and comparative assessment of the pterygoid region. The palatal region of NMS G.2021.6.2, A as seen in the ventral view. The comparative, to scale, pterosaur palatine and palatal regions in the ventral view. From left to right: B Cacibupteryx (IGO-V 208); C Parapsicephalus (GSM 3166); D Dearc (NMS G.2021.6.2); E Rhamphorhynchus (NHM R 2786); F Rhamphorhynchus (CM 11434). Abbreviations: bsp—basipterygoid; cho—choana; ec -, ectopterygoid; ipv—interpterygoid vacuity; pal—palatine; pf—posterior palatine fenestra; pte—pterygoid; stf -subtemporal fenestra; sof – suborbital fenestra; vm—vomer. Scale bar 10 mm