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Rates of skeletal character evolution in the skull and postcranial skeleton of hadrosauroids. Cladograms illustrate the results from branch likelihood tests for two morphological partitions: skull (cranium and mandible) (A) and postcranial skeleton (B). In both cladograms, results from the branch likelihood tests are summarized on a strict consensus tree derived from four separately analyzed MPTs, each with 100 dating replicates (a total of 400 Hedman-dated phylogenies). Pie charts on branches illustrate the proportion of dating replicates that showed significantly high rates (red), slow rates (blue), or nonsignificant average rates (white). No pie charts are plotted on branches that showed nonsignificant rates in 100% of dating replicates. Branches that showed high rates (red) in more than 50% of dating replicates are doubled in length. See the Supplementary Material for Hedman-based results plotted separately for each MPT (Supplementary Fig. S2) and for results using the MBL dating method (Supplementary Fig. S3). Silhouettes were created by Scott Hartman and were downloaded from http://phylopic.org (Creative Commons license CC BY 3.0).

Restoration of the spinosaurid dinosaur Siamosaurus in the Sao Khua Formation palaeoenvironment, with Sunosuchus in the middle left and a herd of Phuwiangosaurus in the background. References: Siamosaurus based on tooth specimens [1] and the neural spine of a possibly referable skeleton[2], with other missing elements filled in with relatives (Suchomimus[3], Baryonyx[4], IchthyovenatorFile:Ichthyovenator_laosensis_skeletal_reconstruction_by_PaleoGeek.png). Phuwiangosaurus based on skeletal by Suteethorn et al. (2009)[5] and missing elements of skull of EuhelopusFile:Euhelopus.png. Sunosuchus based on Suteethorn and Ingavat (1983)[6] and missing elements based on Goniopholis[7].

Life restoration of the German Jurassic ichthyosaur Suevoleviathan disinteger. The dorsal and caudal fins are loosely based on those of Stenopterygius. References Maisch, M.W. (2020). "The best-preserved skeleton of Suevoleviathan integer (Bronn, 1844)(Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the lower Jurassic of south-western Germany, with a discussion of the genus". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 297 (2): 153–172. Maisch, M.W. (1998). "A new ichthyosaur genus from the Posidonia Shale (Lower Toarcian, Jurassic) of Holzmaden, SW-Germany with comments on the phylogeny of post-Triassic ichthyosaurs". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie-Abhandlungen 209 (1): 47–78.

Skeleton of Tuarangisaurus at the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia

Tuarangisaurus cabazai skeleton restoration, Copenhagen

MRF 319, a partial oviraptorosaurian skeleton referred to Anzu wyliei. (A) Skeletal reconstruction in left lateral view, with preserved bones in gray and bones represented in other Anzu specimens in white (hatching indicates heavily reconstructed portions of the ilia of CM 78001). Middle-posterior (ninth?) cervical vertebra in (B) anterior, (C) left lateral, and (D) dorsal views. Posterior (11th?) cervical vertebra in (E) anterior, (F) left lateral, and (G) dorsal views. Posterior (12th?) cervical vertebra in (H) anterior, (I) left lateral, and (J) dorsal views. Anteroposteriorly crushed left radius in lateral (K) and anterior (L) views. Mediolaterally crushed left ulna in lateral (M) and anterior (N) views. (O) Partial left scapulocoracoid in lateral view. Dorsal rib in anterior (P) and posterior (Q) views. Abbreviations: acr, acromial process; cr, cervical rib; dip, distal processes; pat, pathology; pf, pneumatic fossa. Scale bars = 50 cm in A; 1 cm in B–Q.

MRF 319, a partial oviraptorosaurian skeleton referred to Anzu wyliei. Skeletal reconstruction in left lateral view, with preserved bones in gray and bones represented in other Anzu specimens in white (hatching indicates heavily reconstructed portions of the ilia. Scale bar = 50 cm (19.7 in)

Restored skeleton of Anzu wyliei (previously labelled as a specimen of Chirostenotes)

Restored skeleton of Anzu wyliei (previously labelled as a specimen of Chirostenotes)

Mounted skeleton of the highly derived California mosasaur Plotosaurus bennisoni (CIT 2750) on display at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County

Mounted skeleton of Plotosaurus from the Los Angeles County Natural History Museum; see the original image

Juvenile Gorgosaurus TMP 2009.12.14 preserving stomach contents. Photographs of specimen in (A) right lateral view and (B) left anterolateral view. (C) Interpretive illustration of specimen in right lateral view. Skeleton consists of a nearly complete skull, the left side of the body and limbs, and a nearly complete pelvis. Red rectangle delineates location of stomach contents. (D) Histological photomicrograph of tibia showing the presence of five lines of arrested growths and two annuli (marked by asterisks), indicating that the individual was between 5 and 7 years old. Scale bars, 50 cm (A) to (C) and 1 mm (D).

Anhanguera skeleton, North American Museum of Ancient Life.

Unidentified Platecarpus sp. partial skeleton at the Natural History Museum in London, England.

Unidentified Platecarpus sp. partial skeleton at the Natural History Museum in London, England.

Ichthyosaur Skeleton, Platypterygius longmani, in The Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory at Darwin.