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Cuspicephalus scarfi MJMG K1918. A, Original skull on slab of mudstone, Lacking the mandible and dentition; B, outline diagram of preserved bone. Light grey is bone, dark grey is fibrous bone of sagittal crest, black is dental alveoli where unambiguous; C restoration of skull outline, with hypothetical lower jaw. Scale bar = 50 mm. Abbreviation: j, jugal; naof, nasoantorbital fenestra; m, maxilla; o, orbit; pm, premaxilla; q, quadrate; sc, sagittal crest; sq, squamosal; tr np, trace of nasal process.

Photographs of Melkamter pateko (MPEF-PV 11530), visible in medial views on the main block (1) with inset of the tooth (1B) and counterslab (2);. Rendered CT scan detail images (dashed areas represent visible bone that was too thin to be captured by CT scan) of the cranial fragment (1A), manual metacarpal (1C) and dorsal vertebrae (1D–F). Abbreviations: a = alveoli; if = infratemporal fenestra; j = jugal; l = lacrimal; m = maxilla; o = orbit; naof = Nnasoantorbital fenestra; np = nasal process; pm = premaxilla; po = postorbital; q = quadrate; qj = quadratojugal; s = squamosal; t = tooth; vas = vestigial ascending process.

Skeletal reconstruction of the Spectrovenator ragei holotype (MZSP-PV 833). Recovered bones in blue.

Abelisaurid theropod Kryptops palaios gen. et sp. nov. MNN GAD1−1 from the Lower Cretaceous Elrhaz Formation of Niger. Left maxilla in lateral view; stereopair (A) and line drawing (B). Cross−hatching indicates broken bone; dashed lines indicate estimated edges.

Reconstruction of the Abelisaurus skull with original bones of the holotype. Museo Provincial Carlos Ameghino, Cipolletti, Argentina. Scale = 10 cm

Reconstructed skull of Duriavenator hesperis showing known material (white) of the holotype and only known specimen. Unknown bones based on related Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis. Scale bar is 10cm, image is 10px/cm. Cranial anatomy based on Benson (2008) "A redescription of "Megalosaurus" hesperis (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Inferior Oolite (Bajocian, Middle Jurassic) of Dorset, United Kingdom"

Reconstructed skull of the holotype and only specimen of Leshansaurus qianweiensis based on the possibly related megalosaurid Dubreuillosaurus valesdunensis. Scale bar is 10cm, image is 10px/cm. Cranial anatomy from figures in Fei et al. (2009) "A new carnosaur from the Late Jurassic of Qianwei, Sichuan, China". White bones are figured, light grey bones are unfigured and minimally described.

Autapomorphies proposed for Diuqin lechiguanae gen. et sp. nov. (MUCPv 1401), with images generated from three-dimensional scans of selected bones. A–B, posteriormost (last) sacral neural arch (MUCPv 1401/1) in dorsal (A) and posterior (B) views. C, anterior caudal neural arch (MUCPv 1401/2) in dorsal view. D, left humerus (MUCPv 1401/4) in lateral view. Abbreviations: al, accessory lamina; dldpr, distolateral deltopectoral ridge; for, foramen. Scale bars equal 3 centimeters

Skeletal reconstruction of Dineobellator notohesperus gen. et sp. nov., SMP VP-2430, with known elements colored in white. Figured bones are as follows: fused distal caudal vertebra (A); middle caudal vertebra (B); caudal vertebra 1 (C); right femur (D); rib (E); right basipterygoid (F); left lacrimal (reversed) (G); right jugal (H); right humerus (I); right ulna (J); right metacarpal III (K); right manual ungual II (L); right metatarsal II (M); right metatarsal III. (N) Individual scale bars, 2 cm. Skeletal drawing based off work of Scott Hartman.

A diagram showing the bones and feathering preserved in IVPP V 12638, the holotype of Yixianosaurus longimanus, a feathered dinosaur.

(A) Skeletal reconstruction in left lateral view (missing and damaged portions of the bones in gray). (B) Left ilium in lateral view. (C) Proximal caudal vertebrae in left lateral view with close-up of the infraprezygapophyses. (D) Chevron in cranial view. (E-F) Right scapula in dorsal (E) and lateral (F) views. (G) Last sacral and the two proximalmost caudals in left lateral view. (H) Right pubis in medial view. (I) Right ischium in lateral view. (J) Right femur in distal view. (K) Left metatarsus and distal tarsals in proximal view. (L) Right femur in cranial view. (M-N) Left metatarsus in lateral (M) and dorsal (N) views. Abbreviations: acr, acromion process; ant, antitrochanter; ch, chevron; cv, caudal vertebra(e); diprf, dorsal infraprezygapophyseal fossa; dt, distal tarsal(s); fct, cranial trochanter of femur; fh, femoral head; gl, glenoid fossa; idf, infradiapophyseal fossa; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; mep, medial epicondyle; miprf, middle infraprezygapophyseal fossa; mt II, metatarsal II; mt IV, metatarsal IV; mt V, metatarsal V; ns, neural spine; obp, obturator process; pra, preacetabular process; pup, pubic peduncle; sprf, supraprezygapophyseal fossa; sv, sacral vertebra; tfc, tibiofibular crest; tp, transverse process; viprf, ventral infraprezygapophyseal fossa. Scale bars equal 10 cm in (A); 1 cm in (B-N). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210867.g004

Vertebrae, scapula, forelimb bones, and pelvic bones of Martharaptor greenriverensis (UMNH VP 21400). (A)–Partial cervical neural arch, dorsal view. (B–E)–Cranial dorsal centrum in cranial (B), caudal (C), right lateral (D), and left lateral (E) views. (F–G)–Distal caudal centrum in lateral (F) and ventral (G) views. (H)–Possible ulna. (I)–Possible radius. (J–K)–Left scapula in lateral (J) and medial (K) views. (L)–Proximal end of ischium. (M)–Possible distal end of pubis Scale bar = 50 mm. acr  =  acromium process, ar  =  acetabular rim, gl  =  glenoid, hyp  =  hypapophysis, poz  =  postzygapophysis, pnp  =  pneumatopore, prz  =  prezygapophysis.

Skeletal diagram of Zuolong salleei, based on related basal coelurosaurs. Scale bar = 1 meter. Light colours indicate known material (white is known external bones, light grey is either palate, braincase, or sacrum). Dark colours indicate unknown material (partial bones or unknown braincase)

(A), silhouette of Maip macrothorax showing the preserved bones in white. (B), reconstruction of the thoracic cavity of Maip at level of D6. (C), interpretative drawing of the excavation of Maip showing the original disposition of the bones. Abbreviations: a, axis; c, coracoid; ind, indeterminate bone; g, gastralia; r, rib; v, vertebrae.

Tetanuran theropod Cruxicheiros newmanorum gen. et sp. nov. axial vertebrae (WARMS 15771) from the Chipping Norton Limestone Formation, Bathonian of the United Kingdom. A. Posterior cervical or anterior dorsal vertebra in posterior view. B. Partial middle−posterior dorsal vertebra in right lat− eral view showing a sagittal cross−section (B1) and in dorsal view (B2). C. Middle−distal caudal vertebra in left lateral (C1) and posterior (C2) views. D. Mid− dle−posterior dorsal neural arch in anterior (D1), right lateral (D2, D3), and posterior (D4) views. Photographs (A, B1, B2, C1, C2, D1, D2, D4) and line drawing (D3). Crossed−hatching indicates matrix and grey tone indicates broken bone.

Skeleton outline of Dracoraptor hanigani. Bones highlighted green for present, orange for external moulds and blue for tentatively identified bones. Many unidentified or uncertain elements have been omitted.