tooth

Specimens of Galleonosaurus dorisae n. gen. n. sp. from the Flat Rocks Sandstone in the upper Barremian, Wonthaggi Formation, Gippsland Basin, southeastern Australia: (1–2) holotype (NMV P229196), left maxilla in lateral (1) and medial (2) views; (3) NMV P208178, left maxilla in lateral view; (4) NMV P212845, left maxilla in lateral view; (5) NMV P209977, left maxilla in lateral view; (6) NMV P186440, left maxilla in lateral view; (7) NMV 208113, right maxillary tooth in labial view. Scale bars = 10 mm (1–6); 1 mm (7).

Partial skeleton of Claosaurus agilis (holotype YPM 1190). (A) Right ilium in lateral view. (B) Partial postorbital in lateral view. (C) Distal process of the right ischium in lateral view. (D) Mounted partial skeleton of YPM 1190. (E) Coronoid process of the right dentary in lateral view. (F) Fragment of maxilla in lateral view. (G) Detail of the maxillary tooth crowns in (F). (H) Fragment of maxilla in lateral view. (I) Detail of a maxillary tooth crown in (H).

natural silicone cast of the holotype of Lycorhinus angustidens (UCRC PVC10). Abbreviations: 3-10 dentary tooth 3-10 Fa-j tooth-to-tooth wear facet a-j f accessory facet. Scale bars equal 1 cm in C and 3 cm in D.

Genus—Nuthetes. (Lacertilia). Fig. 13 and 14. Portions of mandible and teeth of Nuthetes destructor. Fig. 15. Five detached teeth of do. Fig. 16. Side view of crown of a tooth of do., magn.

Tooth of cf. Zapsalis, with close up of denticles. Specimen UALVP 49582 from the Milk River Formation.

Tooth of cf. Pectinodon.

Piratosaurus holotype tooth USNM V 1000

Silhouette of M.intrepidus showing recovered elements. Isolated indet. tyrannosauroid premaxillary tooth (NCSM 33393) recovered from nearby strata in (d) occlusal, (e) mesiodistal, and (f) lingual views. Holotype specimen of M.intrepidus (NCSM 33392) composed of (g) femur, (h) tibia, (i) fourth metatarsal, (j) second metatarsal, and (k) pedal phalanges of the fourth digit. Scale bar (c) 1 m, (g–k) 5 mm. (d–f) Enlarged to show detail, not to scale

Photograph (A) and line drawings (B) of Gladocephaloideus jingangshanensis (JPM 2014–004). Abbreviations: ca, carpals; cr, coracoids; cv, cervical vertebrae; d, dentray; dg, deep groove along the mid-line of the mandibular symphysis; dv, dorsal vertebrae; dr, dorsal ribs; etp, extensor tendon process; f, frontal; fc, fifth carpal; fe, femur; fi, fibula; fin, fingers; h, humerus; il, ilium; m, maxilla; mmttsI-IV, metatrals I-IV; mttv, metatarsal V; nao, nasoantorbital opening; or, orbital; pcr, parietal crest; pm, premaxilla; pt, pteroid; ra, radius; rdl, radiale; sc, scapula; st, sternum; sl, sclerotic rings; t, teeth; tc, tooth sockets; ti, tibia; ul, ulna; wm, wing metacarpal; wph1-4, wing phalanges 1–4. Scale bar = 5 cm.

Skeletal elements of Bajadasaurus pronuspinax gen. et sp. nov (MMCh-PV 75). (A–C) Skull roof and braincase in posterior (A), left lateral (B) and right lateral (C) views. (D,E) Left lower jaw in dorsal (D) and medial (E) views. F, Dentaries in anterior view. (G) Pterygoids in ventral view. (H) Left maxilla in medial view. (I) Left lacrimal in lateral view. (J) Left quadratojugal in lateral view. (K,L) Right quadrate in medial (K) and posterior (L) views. (M) Proatlases in dorsal view. (N) Atlantal neurapophyses in anterior view. (O,P), Axis in left lateral (O) and anterior (P) views. (Q,R) Fifth cervical vertebra in left lateral (Q) and anterior (R) views. an, angular; ar, articular; bo, basioccipital; bt, basal tubera; btp, basipterygoid process; ch, ‘chin’ of dentary; cn, cranial nerve; d, dentary; di, diapophysis; f, frontal; fm, foramen magnum; fo, fenestra ovalis; ls, laterosphenoid; met, metotic foramen; mp, medial process; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; os, orbitosphenoid; p, parietal; pfo, pneumatic fossa; po, postorbital; pocdf, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; popr, paraoccipital process; poz, postzygapophysis; pra, prearticular; pre, prezygapophysis; prsl, prespinal lamina; ptf, postemporal fenestra; qf, quadrate fossa; rm, replacement maxillary tooth; sa, surangular; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; stf, supratemporal fenestra; vk, ventral keel; vp, ventral process.

Skeletal anatomy of Doolysaurus huhmini. All scale bars are 10 mm. Artwork by Janet Cañamar. Abbreviations: 4th tr: fourth trochanter; be: buccal emargination; boc: basioccipital condyle; bpro: boss for articulation with proatlas; bt: basal tubera; cc: cnemial condyle; cfo: carotid aorta foramen; cpc: coronoid process; dh: dorsal head; dtt: dentary tooth; ec: endocranial cavity; eoas: exoccipital articular surface; fm: foramen magnum; lc: lateral condyle; lw: lateral wing; mc: medial condyle; mkc: Meckelian canal; mt: metatarsal; mw: medial wing; mxt: maxillary tooth; ns: neural spine; oc: occipital condyle; pd: pedal digit; plp: posterolateral process; pop: paroccipital process; poz: postzygapophysis; prz: prezygapophyses; pscf: posterior semicircular canal foramen; ptf: posttemporal foramen.

Photograph (A) and line drawing (B) of the skull of Asiatyrannus xui (ZMNH M30360) in right lateral view. The inset box in (A) indicates the position of the detailed jugal accessory horn in (C). acf accessory fossa of maxilla; ang angular; aof antorbital fenestra; cor cornual process; d dentary; d.t dentary tooth; emf external mandibular fenestra; en external naris; f frontal; gr groove; itf infratemporal fenestra; j jugal; jah jugal accessory horn; L left; la lacrimal; mf maxillary fenestra; mnvf maxillary neurovascular foramina; mx maxilla; nas nasal; nr nasal ridge; orb orbit; par parietal; pal palatine; pmx premaxilla; po postorbital; q quadrate; qj quadratojugal; R right; sa surangular; sf surangular foramen; snf subnarial foramen; sq squamosal; t1–6 maxillary tooth 1–6.

D. Dentary tooth crowns of Arenysaurus ardevoli (MPZ 2008/258) in lingual view. E. Caudal region of the skull roof of A. ardevoli (MPZ 2008/1) in dorsal view. F. Left dentary of A. ardevoli (MPZ 2008/258) in medial view.

The crown (d, b, c) is unequally convex in front and concave (a) behind. The general form of the crown is shown in a, b, c; the anterior side thereof (a, b) is convex and sabre-shaped, and the posterior border (a, b) is slightly concave; the external convex surface (b) is covered with smooth enamel, which forms four blunt ridges on its most prominent part, and terminates inferiorly in a delicate rugous structure, forming a well-defined arch (b), the convexity of which is directed towards the apex ; the posterior surface of the crown (a) is fiat below and concave above ; the enamel is smooth above and rugous below, as on the anterior surface, but it extends much farther down the crown (nearly half an inch) and forms an arch, the convexity of which is directed towards the root ; the internal surfaces of the anterior and posterior borders (a) are abruptly truncated, apparently by dentrition, and near the base of the posterior border there is au oblique fold or depression, close to which are marks of abrasion by dentrition : the unequal extent of the enamel on the external and internal surfaces of the crown proves that the external plate of the ramus of the jaw was deeper on the external than on the internal side. The root (a, b, c, e) is nearly cylindrical ; from the external terminal fold of enamel to its fractured part, it measures 1 inch and 8/10; its surface is much concealed by the matrix, and has masses of pyrites adhering thereto ; it forms a hollow cylinder (e) which inclosed a pulp-cavity ; the structure and form of the root is that of a tooth which was implanted in a distinct alveolus of a large and powerful jaw. Part of the apex is broken off, the position of which we have indicated by dotted lines ; there can be no doubt that it was sharply pointed, and that this tooth was an instrument destined to pierce the soft structures of other animals, and consequently that it belonged to an extinct genus of carnivorous reptiles. Wright, T. (1852). IX.—Contributions to the Palæontology of the Isle of Wight. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 10(56), 87–93. doi:10.1080/03745485609495656

Specimen MN 6117-V, holotype of Oxalaia quilombensis. A, Left lateral view. B, Right lateral view. C, Dorsal view. D, Slightly oblique ventral view, emphasizing the sculptured condition of the palatal portion of the left premaxilla. Abbreviations for teeth follow Hendrickx et al. [58]. Additional abbreviations: am.p, anteromedial process of maxilla; pm, premaxilla; r.t, replacement tooth; s.p, secondary palate.

Reconstruction of the terrestrial paleoenvironmental setting of the Sao Khua Formation by Renata Cunha. In the center, a generalized spinosaurid feeds on a sauropod. This trophic relationship is hypothesized based on isolated tooth crowns found in association with a sauropod skeleton [67]. In the background, a small pack of the ornithomimosaur theropod Kinnareemimus. Both sauropods and ornithomimosaurs (as part of the “herbivorous” theropods) were found to be positively associated with terrestrial paleoenvironments by Butler and Barrett [15]. (cropped from File:Spinosaurid and Kinnareemimus.PNG)