Dinosauria

The theropod dinosaur Coelophysis bauri by John Conway [1]

Badlands Dinosaur Museum, North Dakota 5-9-2022 (157)

Pectoral girdles and forelimbs of dinosaurs in left lateral view, depicting resting scapular and forelimb orientations in different dinosaurian groups as recommended according to the results of this study. In each case, solid horizontal line is parallel to long axis of sacrum. A. theropods without semilunate carpals (Dilophosaurus wetherilli, UCMP 37302). B. theropods with semilunate carpals other than Caudipteryx (Velociraptor mongoliensis, after reference [60]). C. Caudipteryx (C. sp., after reference [8]). D. ceratopsids (Styracosaurus albertensis, NMC 344). E. basal sauropodomorphs (Plateosaurus engelhardti, AMNH 6810). F. non-hadrosaurian ornithopods (Thescelosaurus neglectus, reference [62]). G. hadrosaurids (Parasaurolophus walkeri, after reference [48]). Angle labels: B = scapular orientation relative to long axis of sacrum. E = elbow angle. S = shoulder angle. W = wrist angle. See Materials and Methods section for descriptions of angles.

Crâne de mosasaure d'espèce Platecarpus tympaniticus (squamates, mosasaures). Provenance : Smoky Hill Chalk, Kansas (aux Etats-Unis). Date : Crétacé supérieur, période du Campanien, 88 millions d'années avant notre ère. Collections du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle de Paris (France). Exposé à l'occasion de l'exposition "Un T-Rex à Paris" au Muséum national d'histoire naturelle de Paris (France) du 6 juin au 2 septembre 2018. Légende du fossile dans cette exposition : "Les mosasaures ne sont pas des dinosaures mais des reptiles marins, très répandus à la fin du Crétacé. Certains genres comme Globidens et Halisaurus sont connus aussi bien aux Etats-Unis qu'au Maroc. Ces animaux étaient d'excellents nageurs, capables de traverser l'Atlantique."

Fig 2. Chrono-, bio- and lithostratigraphic context of the Reuchenette Formation in the Ajoie district, Canton Jura, NW Switzerland (modified from [20,23,28,31]. Four track-bearing intervals, named lower, intermediate, and upper (dinosaur track) levels, and track levels 600 have been identified within the Courtedoux Member (Nerinean Limestones, sensu [32]). All studied material comes from the intermediate (levels 1000–1100) and upper (levels 1500–1650) dinosaur track levels, details shown on inset on the upper right.

Remake of the original picture of the Drzewica Formation. Terrestrial environment of the Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary of Fennoscandinavia Inland environment of the Bornholm Coast, nearby the German realm of the Ciechocinek Formation. Includes Ciechocinek Formation (Lower Toarcian, Bones) and Drzwica Formation (Latest Pliensbachian, Footprints) Fauna Sorthat Formation environment, fluvial influenced mainland with Cheirolepidaceae and Bennetitales as dominant flora Dinosaurs are based on material found on various locations of Northern Germany, and Footprints of the underliying Drzewica Formation at the Holy Cross Mountains, connected with Bornholm at the time. Dinosaur Species appeared: Megalosauripus isp. Large Footprints (+65 cm) found on the Drzewica Formation. There is a dorsal vertebrae on the German Margin of the Ciechocinek Formation assigend to Megalosauria (Huene, 1966). Gravisauria spp. representing the Grimmen Sauropod reported on 2014, as a taxon related with Tazoudasaurus. Barapasaurus-like footprints are know from the Drzewica Formation. Coelophysoidea spp. based on coeval Anchisauripus tracks from the Holy Cross Mountains. Basal Ornithischan, related to Eocursor, based on a crouching trace (Gerard Dariusz Gierlinski, Martin G. Lockley, Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki:2009). Massospondylidae spp. based on Otozum-like tracks.

Heterodontosaurus tucki life restoration. Integument based on the related Tianyulong, proportions based on photos of specimen SAM-PK-K1332 and skeletal reconstruction by Gregory S. Paul (The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, 2010, p. 240).

Depiction of dietary niche partitioning among megaherbivorous dinosaurs from the DPF (MAZ-2). Left to right: Chasmosaurus belli, Lambeosaurus lambei, Styracosaurus albertensis, Scolosaurus cutleri (formerly sunk in Euoplocephalus tutus), Prosaurolophus maximus, Panoplosaurus mirus. A herd of S. albertensis looms in the background.

A hypothetical life restoration of Ampelosaurus atacis • Ampelosaurus is known from hundreds of fossil specimens which show most of the dinosaur's osteological details, however, there are few articulated remains or reconstructions of the material so its overall proportions and life appearance are uncertain. • Ampelosaurus is known to have supported osteoderms, only four are currently known. The number of these osteoderms that an individual Ampelosaurus would have supported in life and their and position on the body is not currently known. It's thought that due to the rarity of titanosaur osteoderms that they would be quite sparse on the body. The position and layout of the osteoderms has been loosely based on this interpretation, which is based on the work of Vidal et al 2015. [1]

A hypothetical life restoration of Ampelosaurus atacis • Ampelosaurus is known from hundreds of fossil specimens which show most of the dinosaur's osteological details, however, there are few articulated remains or reconstructions of the material so its overall proportions and life appearance are uncertain. • Ampelosaurus is known to have supported osteoderms, only four are currently known. The number of these osteoderms that an individual Ampelosaurus would have supported in life and their and position on the body is not currently known. It's thought that due to the rarity of titanosaur osteoderms that they would be quite sparse on the body. The position and layout of the osteoderms has been loosely based on this interpretation, which is based on the work of Vidal et al 2015. [1]

A hypothetical life restoration of Ampelosaurus atacis • Ampelosaurus is known from hundreds of fossil specimens which show most of the dinosaur's osteological details, however, there are few articulated remains or reconstructions of the material so its overall proportions and life appearance are uncertain. • Ampelosaurus is known to have supported osteoderms, only four are currently known. The number of these osteoderms that an individual Ampelosaurus would have supported in life and their and position on the body is not currently known. It's thought that due to the rarity of titanosaur osteoderms that they would be quite sparse on the body. The position and layout of the osteoderms has been loosely based on this interpretation, which is based on the work of Vidal et al 2015. [1]

A hypothetical life restoration of Ampelosaurus atacis • Ampelosaurus is known from hundreds of fossil specimens which show most of the dinosaur's osteological details, however, there are few articulated remains or reconstructions of the material so its overall proportions and life appearance are uncertain. • Ampelosaurus is known to have supported osteoderms, only four are currently known. The number of these osteoderms that an individual Ampelosaurus would have supported in life and their and position on the body is not currently known. It's thought that due to the rarity of titanosaur osteoderms that they would be quite sparse on the body. The position and layout of the osteoderms has been loosely based on this interpretation, which is based on the work of Vidal et al 2015. [1]

A hypothetical life restoration of Ampelosaurus atacis • Ampelosaurus is known from hundreds of fossil specimens which show most of the dinosaur's osteological details, however, there are few articulated remains or reconstructions of the material so its overall proportions and life appearance are uncertain. • Ampelosaurus is known to have supported osteoderms, only four are currently known. The number of these osteoderms that an individual Ampelosaurus would have supported in life and their and position on the body is not currently known. It's thought that due to the rarity of titanosaur osteoderms that they would be quite sparse on the body. The position and layout of the osteoderms has been loosely based on this interpretation, which is based on the work of Vidal et al 2015. [1]

fossil Europasaurus, Aathal Dinosaur Museum.

Right hind limb of the sauropodomorph dinosaur Musankwa sanyatiensis gen. et sp. nov. (NHMZ 2521) from the Pebbly Arkose Formation (Norian, Upper Triassic) of Spurwing Island, Zimbabwe. A. Right femur in posterior (A1), lateral (A2), anterior (A3), medial (A4), proximal (A5), and distal (A6) views. B. Right tibia with conjoined astragalus in anterior (B1), lateral (B2), posterior (B3), medial (B4), and proximal (B5) views.

Reconstruction of Tuebingosaurus maierfritzorum gen. et sp. nov. as a quadruped dinosaur, using the outline of Riojasaurus as a base ‒ next to the silhouette of Friedrich von Huene. The drawing of the bones is based on and modified from the original illustrations of specimen “GPIT IV” in von Huene (1932, pl. 38) that have been replicated in the literature. The right fibula is marked in grey as it was found nearby with similar measurements to the left fibula and has been assumed to be part of the same individual.